Human and Economic Activities

Agriculture - Subsistence agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe subsistence agriculture and its characteristics
- Identify types of subsistence agriculture
- Connect subsistence farming to food security for rural families

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing subsistence agriculture
- Describe farm size, labour and tools used
- Research on types of subsistence agriculture

Why do some farmers grow food mainly for their families?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 158
- Pictures of subsistence farming
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Human and Economic Activities

Agriculture - Commercial agriculture
Agriculture - Urban agriculture
Agriculture - Importance of agriculture in society
Agriculture - Emerging trends in agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe commercial agriculture and its characteristics
- Identify types of commercial agriculture
- Relate commercial farming to products found in local markets and supermarkets

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing commercial agriculture
- Watch video on commercial agriculture
- Complete flowchart showing types

Why do some farmers grow crops mainly for sale rather than consumption?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 160
- Video clips
- Pictures of commercial farms
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 163
- Pictures of urban farming
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 165
- Reference books
- Banner materials
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 167
- Pictures of modern farming

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Agriculture - Sustainable farming and biotechnology
Agriculture - Climate change and poor infrastructure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe sustainable farming practices and biotechnology
- Explain how these trends address climate change
- Adopt drought-resistant crops and water conservation practices in farming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss banner showing emerging trends
- Research on sustainable farming
- Prepare flyers on emerging trends

How can farmers adapt to changing weather patterns?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 168
- Digital resources
- Flyer materials
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 169
- Pictures showing challenges
- Case study materials

- Portfolios - Observation - Oral questions

Human and Economic Activities

Agriculture - Pests, diseases and limited finances
Agriculture - Modern technology and irrigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe challenges of pests, diseases and limited finances
- Analyse the impact of these challenges on agricultural production
- Apply pest control methods and explore credit facilities for farmers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case scenarios on challenges in different regions
- Visit local farm to identify challenges
- Discuss possible solutions

How do pests and diseases reduce crop yields?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 170
- Case study materials
- Local farm visit
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 171
- Pictures of modern farming
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Agriculture - Soil conservation and improved seeds
Agriculture - Food production and livelihoods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe soil conservation methods and use of improved seeds
- Explain how these strategies increase crop yields
- Practice soil conservation techniques like mulching and composting in school garden

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case scenarios on strategies in different regions
- Walk around locality to observe strategies
- Prepare posters on strategies

How can farmers maintain healthy soils for better harvests?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 172
- Case study materials
- Poster materials
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 174
- Reference books
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Observation - Oral questions

Human and Economic Activities

Agriculture - Economic growth and sustainability
Agriculture - Sustainability and adaptation strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Examine the role of agriculture in economic growth and sustainability
- Discuss how farming practices promote sustainability
- Value the contribution of agriculture to national development and environmental protection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Role play as farmers, extension officers and government officials
- Present challenges and solutions
- Discuss importance of agriculture

How does agriculture contribute to Kenya's economic growth?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 175
- Role play materials
- Reference books
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 176
- Banner materials
- Display boards

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Human and Economic Activities

Agriculture - Field study on agricultural activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Conduct a field study on agricultural activities in the locality
- Collect data on farming practices and challenges
- Write a comprehensive report on findings from the field study

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit local farm or agricultural research centre
- Observe farming processes
- Interview farmers and write report

What can we learn from visiting a real farm?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 166
- Field study materials
- Report writing templates

- Written reports - Observation - Portfolios

Human and Economic Activities

Mining - Meaning of minerals and mining
Mining - Factors influencing occurrence of minerals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the terms minerals and mining
- Identify examples of minerals
- Recognise minerals in everyday items like phones, buildings and jewellery

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm on meaning of minerals and mining
- Share findings in class
- Discuss examples of minerals

What are minerals and where do they come from?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 178
- Mineral samples
- Digital resources
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 179
- Library resources
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

Human and Economic Activities

Mining - Factors influencing exploitation of minerals
Mining - Surface and underground mining

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Examine factors influencing exploitation of minerals
- Analyse how economic and technological factors affect mining
- Evaluate the feasibility of mining different mineral deposits

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss factors influencing exploitation of minerals
- Use digital resources to research
- Present findings in class

What determines whether a mineral deposit is worth mining?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 180
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 181
- Video clips
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Portfolios

Human and Economic Activities

Mining - Limestone mining in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe limestone mining in Kenya
- Identify locations and uses of limestone in Kenya
- Relate limestone to cement production and construction in the community

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch documentaries on limestone mining in Kenya
- Identify mining locations on map
- Discuss uses and significance

Where is limestone mined in Kenya and what is it used for?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 183
- Documentaries
- Map of Kenya

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Mining - Diamond mining in Botswana
Mining - Iron ore mining in Australia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe diamond mining in Botswana
- Identify major diamond mining sites and their significance
- Appreciate Botswana's position as a leading diamond producer in Africa

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch documentaries on diamond mining in Botswana
- Identify mining locations on map
- Discuss economic and social benefits

Why is Botswana famous for diamond mining?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 185
- Documentaries
- Map of Botswana
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 187
- Map of Australia

- Written tests - Oral questions - Portfolios

Human and Economic Activities

Mining - Environmental effects of mining
Mining - Solutions to mining environmental problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Examine the effects of mining on the environment
- Analyse how mining causes land degradation and pollution
- Advocate for responsible mining practices to protect local ecosystems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Write article on effects of mining on environment
- Discuss possible solutions
- Create communication messages on rehabilitating mining sites

How does mining affect the land, water and air?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Display boards
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 190
- Poster materials

- Written reports - Portfolios - Oral questions

Human and Economic Activities

Mining - Significance of minerals to Kenya's economy
Mining - Trends in mineral production in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyse the significance of minerals to Kenya's economy
- Examine how mining contributes to employment and revenue
- Value the importance of sustainable mineral exploitation for national development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use reference materials to research on significance
- Discuss economic and social benefits
- Write notes and present

How does mining contribute to Kenya's economy?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 191
- Reference books
- Digital resources
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 192
- Statistical data
- Graph papers

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Mining - Field study on mining activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Conduct a field study on mining activities in the locality
- Collect data on mining methods and environmental impacts
- Write a comprehensive report on findings from the field study

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit a mining site or use virtual tour
- Observe mining processes
- Write report on findings

What can we learn from visiting a mining site?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 193
- Field study materials
- Report writing templates

- Written reports - Observation - Portfolios

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Meaning and types of energy
Energy - Sources of renewable and non-renewable energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term energy
- Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy
- Recognise different forms of energy used in daily activities like cooking, lighting and transportation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use dictionary or reference materials to search for meaning of energy
- Watch video on types and sources of energy
- Complete flowchart showing types

What is energy and what are its different forms?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 203
- Video clips
- Digital resources
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 204
- Pictures of energy sources
- Cards and boxes

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Hydroelectric power in Kenya
Energy - Hydroelectric power in Uganda

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe how hydroelectric power is generated in Kenya
- Identify major hydroelectric power plants in Kenya
- Appreciate the role of rivers in providing clean energy for the country

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use reference materials to search for meaning of hydroelectric power
- Watch video on HEP in Kenya
- List major power plants and locations

How do Kenya's rivers produce electricity?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 206
- Video clips
- Map of Kenya
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 208
- Map of Uganda

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Geothermal energy in Kenya
Energy - Geothermal energy in Italy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe how geothermal energy is generated in Kenya
- Identify geothermal plants including Olkaria
- Appreciate Kenya's position as a leading geothermal energy producer in Africa

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use reference materials to search for meaning of geothermal energy
- Watch video on geothermal energy in Kenya
- Draw map showing geothermal sites

How does Kenya harness heat from the Earth to produce electricity?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 211
- Video clips
- Map of Kenya
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 214
- Map of Italy

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Solar energy in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe solar energy development in Kenya
- Identify major solar projects including Garissa Solar Power Plant
- Explore opportunities to use solar energy for lighting and charging at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use reference materials to research on solar energy
- Watch video on solar energy in Kenya
- List major solar projects

How is Kenya harnessing the power of the sun?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 218
- Video clips
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Solar energy in Vietnam
Energy - Wind energy in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe solar energy development in Vietnam
- Examine government policies supporting solar energy
- Compare solar energy development in Kenya and Vietnam

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch video on solar energy in Vietnam
- List factors leading to growth
- Read about Trung Nam Solar Power Plant

How has Vietnam rapidly expanded its solar energy sector?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 221
- Video clips
- Reference books
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 225
- Map of Kenya

- Oral questions - Written tests - Portfolios

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Wind energy in Spain
Energy - Significance of renewable energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe wind energy development in Spain
- Examine government policies that promoted wind energy
- Learn from Spain's experience in developing wind energy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch video on wind energy in Spain
- Discuss development and major wind farms
- Create timeline of key events

How did Spain become a world leader in wind energy?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 229
- Video clips
- Reference books
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 232
- Poster materials
- Display boards

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Managing and conserving energy
Energy - Sustainable use of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ways of managing and conserving energy
- Explain how energy conservation reduces costs and protects environment
- Practice energy-saving habits like turning off lights and unplugging unused devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing ways of conserving energy
- Take walk in environment to observe energy use
- Create checklist of energy-saving practices

How can we reduce energy waste in our homes and community?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 233
- Pictures of energy conservation
- Checklist templates
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 234
- Materials for solar cooker
- Display area

- Written tests - Observation - Oral questions

Human and Economic Activities

Energy - Field study on energy sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Conduct a field study on energy sources in the locality
- Collect data on renewable energy installations
- Write a comprehensive report on findings from the field study

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit a solar farm, wind farm or biogas plant
- Observe how renewable energy is generated
- Write report on findings

What can we learn from visiting an energy generation site?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 232
- Field study materials
- Report writing templates

- Written reports - Observation - Portfolios

Human and Economic Activities

Industry - Meaning of industry and industrialisation
Industry - Types of industries in the world

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the terms industry and industrialisation
- Identify examples of industries
- Recognise industries that produce goods used in daily life like clothing, food and electronics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use reference materials to search for meaning of industry
- Write notes and present to classmates
- List examples of industries

What is industry and why do countries need industries?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 237
- Digital resources
- Pictures of industries
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 238
- Audio clips
- Flowchart templates

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

Human and Economic Activities

Industry - Factors influencing location of industries
Industry - Categories of industries in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify factors influencing location of industries
- Explain how raw materials, power and transport influence industrial location
- Analyse why certain industries are located in specific areas

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case scenarios on industrial location
- Identify factors influencing location
- Use reference materials to research

Why are some industries located near raw materials while others are near markets?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 240
- Case study materials
- Digital resources
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 243
- Audio clips
- Map of Kenya

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Industry - Jua kali industries in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe Jua kali industries in Kenya
- Explain the meaning, origin and characteristics of Jua kali
- Appreciate the role of informal artisans in providing employment and affordable products

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch video on Jua kali industries in Kenya
- Write meaning and origin of term
- List characteristics and examples

What is Jua kali and why is it important to Kenya's economy?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 245
- Video clips
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Industry - Importance and challenges of Jua kali
Industry - Cottage industries in India

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of Jua kali industries in Kenya
- Examine challenges facing Jua kali industries
- Support local artisans by purchasing locally made products

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read article about Jua kali industries
- Identify benefits and challenges
- Draw map showing locations of Jua kali

How can Jua kali industries be supported to grow?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 247
- Reference books
- Map of Kenya
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 254
- Video clips
- Map of India

- Written tests - Oral questions - Portfolios

Human and Economic Activities

Industry - Car manufacturing in Japan
Industry - Factors and challenges in Japanese car industry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe car manufacturing in Japan
- Identify major car manufacturers and manufacturing regions
- Appreciate Japan's innovations in automobile technology and efficiency

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Listen to audio clip on car manufacturing in Japan
- List major manufacturers and regions
- Draw map showing manufacturing zones

Why is Japan a world leader in car manufacturing?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 259
- Audio clips
- Map of Japan
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 262
- Video clips
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Industry - Significance of industries in society
Industry - Challenges and environmental effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the significance of industries in society
- Analyse how industries contribute to economic and social development
- Value the role of industries in creating jobs, improving infrastructure and raising living standards

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing significance of industries
- Use reference materials to research
- Debate on motion about industries

How do industries improve people's lives and develop nations?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 251
- Reference books
- Debate materials
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 252
- Case study materials
- Poster materials

- Written reports - Oral questions - Observation

Human and Economic Activities

Industry - Modelling a cottage industry in school

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Plan and model a cottage industry in school
- Make simple products using locally available materials
- Demonstrate entrepreneurial skills through product creation and marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Write request to school management to establish cottage industry
- Gather materials and make products
- Organise market day to sell products

How can we start a small industry using local materials?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 257
- Locally available materials
- Display area

- Practical assessment - Portfolios - Observation