CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.

Chart- Taxonomic units.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 

CLASSIFICATION II

Binomial Nomenclature.
Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.
Chart- Types of bacteria

KLB BK III.P 2. CERTIFICATE PG 3

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom Protoctista.
To state general characteristics of members of kingdom Protoctista.

Teacher leads in a discussion.

chart
Wall charts.

KLB BK III.
PP 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 8

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.
Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Diagrams of Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.
Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.
Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Edible mushroom.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10
KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State general characteristics of plants.

Q/A: Compare plants with the aforementioned kingdoms, and then list down characteristics of plants.

Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 13

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.
Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.
text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.
Class Monocotyledonae.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.
Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Dicotyledonae.
To list down external features of a crab/ crayfish.

Class experiments: Examine external features of bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
Discuss their external features.

Examine preserved specimens of a crab/ crayfish and identify external features.
Draw and label diagrams.
Discuss their general characteristics.

Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
text book
Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17
KLB BK III. P 13. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.
Class Insecta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of a milipede.

Examine a milipede.
Draw and label a milipede.
Discuss general characteristics of diplopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.
Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Chordata.
Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify general characteristics of chordates.

Q/A: Identify classes of phylum chordata.
Discussion: characteristics of chordates.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. PP 16-18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.
Chart- Diagrams of birds.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Mammalia.
Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.
To list identification features for animals/ plants.

Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.
Teacher exposes features for identifying animals/ plants.

Diagrams of various mammals.
Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25
KLB BK III. P 24. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGY

Construction of dichotomous keys.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.
Different plant species.
chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.

text book
Standard quadrats.

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60

ECOLOGY

Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the line transect method of population.
To suggest limitations of line transect method of population.

To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Teacher explains procedure of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Students suggest limitations of line transect method of population.
Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III.
PP 47-48. CERTIFICATE PG 63
KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 64

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
text book

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.

topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.
Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.
Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.


To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.
Detailed discussion with probing questions.

video of water pollution
text book
text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77
KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.

CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bilharzia.
Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.

Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. P 69. CERTIFICATE PG 86

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Detailed discussion.
Explanations and drawing diagrams.

text book
Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102
KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Exposition and discussion.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.
Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c
text book
charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.
Growth phases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.
To identify aspects that indicate growth of an organism.
Sketch a growth curve.

Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.
Discuss growth aspects-height, weight and volume.

Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book
text book
Shoots of known ages.

KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 134 CERTIFICATE PG 178

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.

Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Dormancy in seeds.
Seed germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define seed dormancy.
To explain factors that cause dormancy and ways of breaking dormancy.

Detailed discussion.

video
Seeds
Cotton wool
Flat bottomed flasks
Corks
T-tubes
Thermometers
pyrogallic acid
NaOH solution.

KLB BK III. P. 137 CERTIFICATE PG 188

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Epigeal germination.
Hypogeal germination.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
To describe epigeal germination.

Observe previously prepared specimens of germinating bean seed/ castor seed.
Drawing comparative diagrams.

Specimens of germinating bean/castor seed at different phases of germination.
Specimens of germinating maize seed at different phases of germination.

KLB BK III. P. 141 CERTIFICATE PG 184

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Primary growth of a seedling.
Region of growth in a root.
Apical meristems.
Secondary growth.
Growth hormones.
Apical dominance.
Growth and development in insects.
Role of hormones in insect growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe primary growth of a seedling.

To describe secondary growth of plants.

Brief discussion.
Detailed discussion.

Germinating bean seeds
Cork pin
Beaker
Indian ink
Blotting paper
Ruler.
Charts- Apical meristems.
text book
Shoot with lateral growth.
chart

KLB BK III. P 143 CERTIFICATE PG 186
KLB BK III. PP. 145-146 CERTIFICATE PG 187