INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earthquakes. Definitions associated with earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Give definitions associated with earthquakes.

Q/A definition of earthquake, shockwaves.
Exposition of new terms:
Seismology, epicentre, focus, tsunamis, tremors.
Drawing relevant diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 37

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Causes of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe human and natural causes of earthquakes.

Q/A to review tectonic movements, vulcanicity.
Probing questions leading to causes of earthquakes.
Q/A: human activities that may cause tremors.

Video clips.     

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
37-38

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of earthquakes and waves. Measurement of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe primary and secondary seismic waves.
Identify scales used to determine the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.

Brief discussion: primary and secondary waves.
Exposition of basic terms:
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Open discussion.

Newspaper extracts on intensity and magnitude of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 38-39

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Effects of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Outline effects of earthquakes & tremors.

Q/A and brief discussion.

Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
40-41

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Effects of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Outline effects of earthquakes & tremors.

Q/A and brief discussion.

Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
40-41

MAP WORK

Direction and Bearing. Methods of showing direction.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between direction and bearing.

Outline some traditional and modern methods of showing direction.

Q/A and brief discussion.

Topographical maps 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
42-43

MAP WORK

Compass Bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define bearing of a point.
Determine the compass bearings of given points on a map.

Diagram of 16 points of the compass.
Oral exercise.

Pair of compasses & protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
43-44

MAP WORK

Compass Bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define bearing of a point.
Determine the compass bearings of given points on a map.

Diagram of 16 points of the compass.
Oral exercise.

Pair of compasses & protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
43-44

MAP WORK

True Bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Find the true bearing of a point from another point.

Brain storming;
Class exercise.

Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Calculation of grid bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Find the grid bearing of a point from another point.

Exposition.
Class exercise.

Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Determination of magnetic bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Determine magnetic bearing given the grid bearing.

Q/A: conversion of minutes and seconds to degrees.
Exposition: calculating magnetic variation.
Worked examples.

Topographical maps 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Locating places using latitudes and longitudes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Locate position of places using latitude and longitudes.

Exercise: locating position of places using latitude and longitudes.

Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
46-47

MAP WORK

Locating places using four- figure grid references.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Give the four-figure grid reference of points on map.

Q/A identifying easting and nor things.
Guided exercise

Chart: grid reference system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
48-49

MAP WORK

Locating places using six-figure grid references.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Give the six-figure grid reference of points on map.

Q/A: identifying eastings and northings.
Guided exercise.
Assignment.

Chart: grid reference system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK P 49

MAP WORK

Representing relief using spot heights and trigonometric stations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term land relief.
Identify spot heights & trigonometric stations on a map.

Q/A: review six-figure reference.
Definition of land relief.
Brief discussion.

Atlases or topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
49-51

MAP WORK

Contours and forms lines.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define contours and forms lines.
Identify Contours and forms lines

Exposition: new terms.
Q/A: Contour interval, vertical height.
Exercise: estimating height-using contours.

Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
50-51

MAP WORK

Methods of representing relief.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain use of pictorials, hachures, hill shading and layer tinting to represent relief.
State advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Exposition, Q/A and brief discussions.
Assignment.

Textbooks pictures.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
53

MAP WORK

Methods of representing relief.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain use of pictorials, hachures, hill shading and layer tinting to represent relief.
State advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Exposition, Q/A and brief discussions.
Assignment.

Textbooks pictures.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
53

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Ground photographs. Aerial photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between ground close-ups and ground oblique photographs.
Distinguish between general oblique and vertical aerial photographs.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
55-57

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Parts of a photograph.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify horizontal and vertical divisions of a photograph.

Divide a photograph into nine parts then mark them accordingly.
Q/A : Identifying features in each division.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
57-58

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Uses of photographs & Limitations of photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State uses of photographs.
Highlight limitations in the use of photographs.

Q/A and discussion.

Printed photographs 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 59

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Interpretation of photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain what interpretation of photographs entails.

Class exercise: estimating the time and season when the photograph was taken, direction and sizes of features.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 59

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Human activities on photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various human activities on a photograph.

Oral questions on types of farming and supportive evidence.
Written exercise.

Printed photographs. 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Industrial activities, mining activities & forms of transport.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify industrial and mining activities & forms of transport in a photograph.

Oral questions on presence of industrial and mining activities & modes of transport and communication.

Photographs.   Atlas 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Sketching diagrams from photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Sketch diagrams from parts of photographs.

Teacher highlights the steps to be followed.
Supervised exercise &
written exercise.

Photographs.   Atlas 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Comparative line graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Construct comparative line graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative line graphs.

Q/A: review methods of presenting statistical data.
Activity: construct a comparative line graph.
Assignment.

Charts.      Textbook 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
64-65

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Comparative bar graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Construct comparative bar graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative bar graphs.

Q/A: review methods of presenting statistical data.
Activity: construct a comparative bar graph.
Assignment.

Chart ?
Comparative bar graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
65-67

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Divided bars & Divided rectangles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Present statistical data using divided bars and rectangles.
State advantages and disadvantages of divided rectangles.

Exposition.
Supervised practice.
Oral questions.

Charts.    Textbook 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Divided bars & Divided rectangles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Present statistical data using divided bars and rectangles.
State advantages and disadvantages of divided rectangles.

Exposition.
Supervised practice.
Oral questions.

Charts.    Textbook 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Analysis of statistical tables.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Analyse data in statistical tables.

Table analysis.
Assignment.

Charts.  Chalkboard 

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69