ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

Videos

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.
Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38
KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.
- Parasitism.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.

Chart , graphs.
text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.
Give examples where an inverted pyramid of numbers exists; giving reasons thereof.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

Representing inverted pyramid of numbers diagrammatically.

charts
chart
text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47
KLB BK III. PP 43-44 CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.

Charts

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

Standard quadrats.
text book
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c

KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe capture-recapture method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of capture-recapture method.
To estimate population size using capture-recapture method.

Detailed discussion and explanations.

Q/A: Assumptions made in this method, limitations of the method.

Worked examples.

specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 61

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.
Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.
Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Specimens of halophytes.
Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68
KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Detailed discussion & probing questions.

topic related video

KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.
Soil pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify effects of radioactive emissions.
To state uses of nuclear energy.

Brief discussion on radioactive emissions and nuclear energy

Video 

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 72

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.
Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.


To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book
magazine
Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82
CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Bilharzia.
Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causal and transmission agents of bilharzia.
To describe effects of the parasite on its host.
To identify adaptive features of schistosoma.

Brief discussion
Q/A: Effects on host and control measures.

chart

KLB BK III. P 69. CERTIFICATE PG 86

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Detailed discussion.

chart

KLB BK III.
P 79. CERTIFICATE PG100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover sl

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.
First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations
Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103
KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of meiosis.

Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.
Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To discuss features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination in plants.

Exposition and detailed discussion.

wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

Pictures of seeds 

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

Charts

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.
Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.
charts

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Detailed discussion.

Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.
Functions of parts of male reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify parts of male reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

To examine reproduction system of a male rabbit /rat.
Identify the parts of the reproduction system.

Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. P. 108 CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.
Fertilisation process.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.
To identify parts of female reproduction system of a female animal.

Drawing and labeling.
Examine parts of a female reproduction system.
Identify the parts.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164
KLB BK III. P.110 CERTIFICATE PG 151

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Implantation.
The placenta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define implantation.
To define ectopic pregnancy.

Drawing illustrative diagrams.
Discussion.

Chart- The placenta.

KLB BK III. P. 114 CERTIFICATE PG 153

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.
Pregnancy and hormones.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain the role of the placenta.
To identify substances allowed / not allowed to pass through the placenta

Exposition and discussion. Drawing diagrams showing placental exchanges.
Detailed discussion.

Videos showing  flow of materials within the placenta

KLB BK III. P. 116 CERTIFICATE PG 159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe processes of abortion, miscarriage and birth.

Q/A: To elicit students responses on related issues.

Wall- charts mammary glands.

KLB BK III. PP.
117-119 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The menstrual cycle.
28-day menstrual cycle.
Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.
Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle.
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Detailed discussion.
Open discussion.

Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.
chart
Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.

KLB BK III. P. 121 CERTIFICATE PG 151
KLB BK III. P. 123