INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between internal and external land forming processes.
Differentiate between crustal compressional and tensional forces.
Explain effects of horizontal earth movements.

Probing questions.
Brief discussion on compression, tension, upwarping, downwarping, and shearing of crustal rocks.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK II.

PAGES
1-2

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Causes of earth movements.
Results of earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe causes of earth movements.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion & drawing of illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
2-3

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Theory of Continental Drift.
The Plates Tectonic Theory.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the theory of Continental Drift.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion of evidence to support the theory.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
3-4

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Folding.
Types of folds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define folding.
Explain the causes of folding.
Identify parts of a fold.

Q/A: review vertical earth movements.
Discussion & drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
7-8

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Features resulting from folding.
Significance of folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe landforms resulting from folding.

Discussion & drawing labelled diagrams of landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.
Map: World distribution of fold mountains.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Faulting.
Types of faults.
Features resulting from faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define faulting.
Identify parts associated with a fault.

Q/A: review horizontal and vertical earth movements.
Discussion on parts associated with a fault.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
13-14

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Great Rift Valley.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Great Rift Valley on a map.
Describe parts of the Great Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Afro-Arabian rift system.

Map: The Afro-Arabian rift system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 21

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Gregory Rift Valley.
Significance of faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Gregory Rift Valley on a map.
Describe the parts of the Gregory Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Gregory rift system.

Map / chart: Kenyan?s rift system and the associated highlands.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 21-22

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Vulcanicity and Earthquakes. Definitions associated with vulcanicity and volcanicity.
Intrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between vulcanicity and volcanicity.
Differentiate between intrusive and extrusive features.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 24-25

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Extrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various extrusive volcanic features.
Illustrate extrusive volcanic features with labelled diagrams.

Give examples of extrusive features in Africa. Discussion.
Assignment.

Pictures in various textbooks.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-27

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of volcanoes.
Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the three types of volcanoes.

Q/A & discussion on types of volcanoes.
Assignment: table showing types and examples of volcanoes in the World.

Maps: Volcanic regions in Kenya, Africa and in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-30

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Positive influences of vulcanicity.
Negative influences of vulcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain ways in which vulcanicity is beneficial to man.

Q/A and detailed discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
35-36

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earthquakes. Definitions associated with earthquakes.
Causes of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Give definitions associated with earthquakes.

Q/A definition of earthquake, shockwaves.
Exposition of new terms:
Seismology, epicentre, focus, tsunamis, tremors.
Drawing relevant diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 37

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of earthquakes and waves. Measurement of earthquakes.
Effects of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe primary and secondary seismic waves.
Identify scales used to determine the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.

Brief discussion: primary and secondary waves.
Exposition of basic terms:
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Open discussion.

Newspaper extracts on intensity and magnitude of earthquakes.
Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 38-39

MAP WORK

Compass Bearing.
True Bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define bearing of a point.
Determine the compass bearings of given points on a map.

Diagram of 16 points of the compass.
Oral exercise.

Pair of compasses & protractors.
Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
43-44

MAP WORK

Calculation of grid bearing.
Determination of magnetic bearing.
Locating places using latitudes and longitudes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Find the grid bearing of a point from another point.

Exposition.
Class exercise.

Pair of compasses protractors.
Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Locating places using four- figure grid references.
Locating places using six-figure grid references.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Give the four-figure grid reference of points on map.

Q/A identifying easting and nor things.
Guided exercise

Chart: grid reference system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
48-49

MAP WORK

Representing relief using spot heights and trigonometric stations.
Contours and forms lines.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term land relief.
Identify spot heights & trigonometric stations on a map.

Q/A: review six-figure reference.
Definition of land relief.
Brief discussion.

Atlases or topographical maps.
Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
49-51

MAP WORK
PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Methods of representing relief.
Ground photographs. Aerial photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain use of pictorials, hachures, hill shading and layer tinting to represent relief.
State advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Exposition, Q/A and brief discussions.
Assignment.

Textbooks pictures.
Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
53

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Parts of a photograph.
Uses of photographs & Limitations of photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify horizontal and vertical divisions of a photograph.

Divide a photograph into nine parts then mark them accordingly.
Q/A : Identifying features in each division.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
57-58

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Interpretation of photographs.
Human activities on photographs.
Industrial activities, mining activities & forms of transport.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain what interpretation of photographs entails.

Class exercise: estimating the time and season when the photograph was taken, direction and sizes of features.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 59

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.
STATISTICAL METHODS.

Sketching diagrams from photographs.
Comparative line graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Sketch diagrams from parts of photographs.

Teacher highlights the steps to be followed.
Supervised exercise &
written exercise.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Comparative bar graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Construct comparative bar graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative bar graphs.

Q/A: review methods of presenting statistical data.
Activity: construct a comparative bar graph.
Assignment.

Chart ?
Comparative bar graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
65-67

STATISTICAL METHODS.
KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Divided bars & Divided rectangles.
Analysis of statistical tables.
Definition of weather, climate and elements of weather.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Present statistical data using divided bars and rectangles.
State advantages and disadvantages of divided rectangles.

Exposition.
Supervised practice.
Oral questions.

Diagrams and maps.
Combined temperature rainfall diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Factors influencing climate. - latitude, altitude and continentality.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the influence of latitude, altitude and continentality on the climate of an area.

Brain storming.
Exposition, Q/A & discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
70-73

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Factors influencing climate. - aspect and ocean currents.
Factors influencing climate. -wind and air masses & configuration of the coastline.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the influence of aspect and ocean currents on the climate of an area.

Exposition of new aspects & brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
70-73

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

ITCZ
Forests & microclimate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term ITCZ.
Explain the effect of shifting of the ITCZ on the climate of a zone.

Exposition of new concepts.
Explanations.

Map of Africa: the ITCZ and prevailing winds.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK 74

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Description of climate.
Climate regions of Kenya. Modified equatorial climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe climate using aPagesropriate terminology.

Tables: general terms and the corresponding statistical data.
Exercise: rainfall ?temperature graphs.

Map of Kenya: climatic regions rainfall-temperature graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK page 76

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.
CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Tropical climate & tropical Northern climate.
Desert climate.
Equatorial climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the modified tropical climate.
Identify regions that experience modified tropical

Detailed discussion

Map of Kenya: climatic regions rainfall-temperature graphs.
Maps: world climatic regions.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 78

CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Equatorial monsoon.
Tropical monsoon.
Tropical marine & Tropical continental.
Tropical Desert climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State characteristics of equatorial monsoon.

Exposition of new concepts, explanations and Q/A.
Assignment: rainfall-temperature graphs

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
79-80