CLASSIFICATION II

Principles of classification of living organisms...
Binomial Nomenclature.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the importance of classification of organisms.
Discuss the general principles of classification.
Identify major taxonomic units.
To define a species.
To explain features of a species.
To explain principles of binomial nomenclature.

Q/A: To review Classification I.

Discussion of principles of classification of organisms.

Q/A: Major taxonomic units.
Probing questions leading to definition of a species.
Give examples of breeds and varieties.
Discuss the double- naming system and the underlying features.

Chart- Taxonomic units.
Chart- Examples of generic and specific names of organisms.

KLB BK III.
PP 1-2. CERTIFICATE PG 1 
KLB BK III.P 2. CERTIFICATE PG 3

CLASSIFICATION II

Animal Kingdoms. Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom Protoctista.
Organisms with varied forms.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify the five animal kingdoms.

State characteristics of members of kingdom Monera.
To identify and draw various bacteria.
To explain how bacteria affect our lives.

Expository approach -The teacher will expose the five kingdoms.
Discussion- General characteristics of unicellular and microscopic organisms.
Drawing and labeling a bacterium.

Q/A: Economic importance of bacteria.

Chart- Types of bacteria
chart
Wall charts.

KLB BK III.P 3. CERTIFICATE PG 4

CLASSIFICATION II

Organisms in pond water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify organisms in pond water.

Examine a drop of pond water on a glass slide under a microscope.
Draw diagrams of organisms observed.
Compare the observed organisms with those previously drawn and labelled.

Microscope
Water dropper
Pond water
Glass slides.

KLB BK III. P. 4-5. CERTIFICATE PG 10

CLASSIFICATION II

Kingdom Fungi. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To give examples of members of kingdom fungi.
To discuss economic importance of fungi.
To state general characteristics of fungi.

Detailed discussion.
Exposition of new concepts/ terms.

Mushrooms,
Yeast,
Bread mould.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 11

CLASSIFICATION II

Diagrams of Fungi.
Kingdom Plantae. General characteristics.
Division Bryophyta External structure of a Bryophyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label various fungi.
State general characteristics of Bryophyta.
To draw and label external features of an identified Bryophyta.
To identify features of Bryophyta.

Examine bread mould.
Draw and label diagrams of various fngi.
Teacher leads in a discussion. Students examine moss plant under a hand lens, then
Draw and label the moss plant.

Wall charts,
Bread mould,
Yeast,
Edible mushroom.
Moss plant,
Hand lens,
Slide.

KLB BK III. P 6. CERTIFICATE PG 12
KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 14

CLASSIFICATION II

Division Pteridophyta.
Division Spermatophyta.
Features of Spermatophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Pteridophytes.
To draw and label external features of Pteridophytes.

Teacher leads in a discussion on characteristics of Pteridophytes.
Class experiments: To observe a live or preserved fern.
To draw and label the fern.

A live or preserved fern.
text book
Complete specimens of bean plant with ponds/ maize plant/ a twig of cypress.

KLB BK III. P 7. CERTIFICATE PG 15

CLASSIFICATION II

Sub-division Gymnospermatophyta.
Subdivision Angiospermaphyta.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of gymnospermatophyta.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. P 9. CERTIFICATE PG16

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Monocotyledonae.
Class Dicotyledonae.
Kingdom Animalia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To list down characteristics of Monocotyledonae.

Class experiments: Examine maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Discuss external features of the plants.

Maize plant/ wheat/ grass/ sugarcane.
Bean plant/ black jack/ tea.
text book

KLB BK III. P 11. CERTIFICATE PG 17

CLASSIFICATION II

Phyllum Arthropoda.
Class Crustacea.
Class Chilopoda.
Class Diplopoda.
Class Arachnida.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Arthropoda.
To describe external features of a centipede.

Q/A: General characteristics of Arthropoda.
Examine a centipede.
Draw and label a centipede.
Discuss general characteristics of Chilopoda comparing them to those of other members of the kingdom Animalia.

Specimens of a crab/ crayfish.
A centipede.
A milipede.
Specimens of freshly killed/ preserved arachnids.

KLB BK III. P 12. CERTIFICATE PG 19
KLB BK III. P 14. CERTIFICATE PG 20

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Insecta.
Phyllum Chordata.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe external features of common insects.

Examine live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honeybee, termite, e.t.c.
List down general characteristics of insecta.
Discuss economic importance of insects.

Live/ freshly killed specimens of ground beetle, honey-bee, termite, e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 15. CERTIFICATE PG 21

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Pisces.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label external features of a (tilapia) fish.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts pertaining to characteristics of fish.

Chart tilapia fish.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 22

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Amphibia.
Class Reptilia.
Class Aves.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare observable features of a tilapia fish and those of a frog.

Group experiments- Observing specimens and placing them in their respective classes.

Preserved specimens ? fish, amphibians.
Chart- Diagrams of birds.

KLB BK III. P 18. CERTIFICATE PG 23

CLASSIFICATION II

Class Mammalia.
Dichotomous key.
Features for identifying animals / plants.
Examples of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state general characteristics of Mammalia.
To explain the rules used in constructing a dichotomous key.

Q/A: Examples of egg laying mammals, pouched mammals, primates, etc.
Teacher exposes features of a dichotomous key.

Diagrams of various mammals.

Chart- Constructed dichotomous keys.

KLB BK III. P 20. CERTIFICATE PG  25
KLB BK III. P 23. CERTIFICATE PG 27

CLASSIFICATION II

Construction of dichotomous keys.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct a guided dichotomous key of a given number of steps.
To use a constructed dichotomous key to identify given specimens.
To construct own dichotomous key.

Supervised exercise.

Written exercise.

Exercise review.

Plants from different families.

Different plant species.

KLB BK III. PP 24-30 CERTIFICATE PG30

ECOLOGY

Ecological pyramids of numbers.
Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent feeding relationships and energy flow using pyramids of numbers.

Q/A: Review trophic levels.
Teacher explains features of pyramid of numbers.

chart
text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.

KLB BK III. PP 41-42. CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Pyramid of Biomass.
Population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define biomass of an organism.
To interpret the pyramid of biomass.
To construct a biomass from given data.

Teacher exposes new concepts; then leads in a detailed discussion.

Students construct biomass from given data.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 44-45. CERTIFICATE PG 50

ECOLOGY

Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.
Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the quadrat method of estimating population.
To suggest limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Teacher explains use of quadrat method of estimating population.
Q/A: limitations of quadrat method of estimating population.
Project- students to make quadrats.


Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

text book
Standard quadrats.
Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen

KLB BK III. PP 46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62
KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Xerophytes.
Mesophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of dry habitats.
To identify adaptations of xerophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of xerophytes to dry habitats.

Specimens of xerophytes.
Specimens of mesophytes.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 64

ECOLOGY

Hydrophytes.
Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of hydrophytes.
To explain adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where hydrophytes.
thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of hydrophytes.
Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 66

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.
Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollution, pollutants.
To explain effects of pollution on human beings and other organisms.

To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Discussion punctuated with Q/A.
Detailed discussion & Q/A.

text book
topic related video
video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 55. CERTIFICATE PG 70
KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.

CERTIFICATE PG  83

ECOLOGY
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.
Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

To define genes and chromosomes.
To describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart
text book

KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87
KLB BK III.
P 79. CERTIFICATE PG100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.
Significance of mitosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.
text book

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
To explain the principle underlying meiosis.

Explanations

text book

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 103

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.
Spore formation.
Budding.
Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify types of asexual reproduction.
To describe the stages of binary fission in amoeba.
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Exposition and discussion.

Drawing diagrams/ discussion.

Chart- Binary fission in amoeba
Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.
Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 87.CERTIFICATE PG 113
KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain terms related to flowers.

Exposition of new concepts.
Teacher demonstration- examining features of flowers.

Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 91.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.
Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
To define fertilisation.

To describe the fertilisation process in flowering plants.

Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Drawing diagrams,
detailed discussion.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III.
P 95.CERTIFICATE PG 121

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.
Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.
Internal fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.


To describe external fertilisation in amphibians.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.



Detailed discussion.

text book
charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130
KLB BK III.
P 105 CERTIFICATE PG 147

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the reproduction process in mammals.


To draw and label the structure of male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.



Drawing and labeling male reproduction system.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105 CERTIFICATE PG 149

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Female reproduction system.
Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Drawing and labeling.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164