INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between internal and external land forming processes.
Differentiate between crustal compressional and tensional forces.
Explain effects of horizontal earth movements.

Probing questions.
Brief discussion on compression, tension, upwarping, downwarping, and shearing of crustal rocks.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK II.

PAGES
1-2

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Causes of earth movements.
Results of earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe causes of earth movements.

Exposition of new concepts.
Discussion & drawing of illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
2-3

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Theory of Continental Drift.
The Plates Tectonic Theory.
Folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the theory of Continental Drift.

Exposition of new concepts;
Discussion of evidence to support the theory.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
3-4

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of folds.
Features resulting from folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify types of folds.
Describe various folding processes.

Exposition of types of folds and resulting landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.
Map: World distribution of fold mountains.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
9-11

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Significance of folding.
Faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Outline effects of folding.

Q/A & discussion on effects of folding.
Assignment.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
12-13

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of faults.
Features resulting from faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify types of faults.

Probing questions and detailed discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
14-19

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Great Rift Valley.
The Gregory Rift Valley.
Significance of faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Great Rift Valley on a map.
Describe parts of the Great Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Afro-Arabian rift system.

Map: The Afro-Arabian rift system.
Map / chart: Kenyan?s rift system and the associated highlands.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 21

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Vulcanicity and Earthquakes. Definitions associated with vulcanicity and volcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between vulcanicity and volcanicity.
Differentiate between intrusive and extrusive features.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 24-25

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Intrusive features.
Extrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various intrusive features.
Explain formation of various intrusive features.
Illustrate intrusive features with labelled diagrams.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.
Pictures in various textbooks.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 32-34

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of volcanoes.
Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the three types of volcanoes.

Q/A & discussion on types of volcanoes.
Assignment: table showing types and examples of volcanoes in the World.

Maps: Volcanic regions in Kenya, Africa and in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-30

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Positive influences of vulcanicity.
Negative influences of vulcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain ways in which vulcanicity is beneficial to man.

Q/A and detailed discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
35-36

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earthquakes. Definitions associated with earthquakes.
Causes of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Give definitions associated with earthquakes.

Q/A definition of earthquake, shockwaves.
Exposition of new terms:
Seismology, epicentre, focus, tsunamis, tremors.
Drawing relevant diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 37

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of earthquakes and waves. Measurement of earthquakes.
Effects of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe primary and secondary seismic waves.
Identify scales used to determine the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.

Brief discussion: primary and secondary waves.
Exposition of basic terms:
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Open discussion.

Newspaper extracts on intensity and magnitude of earthquakes.
Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 38-39

MAP WORK

Compass Bearing.
True Bearing.
Calculation of grid bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define bearing of a point.
Determine the compass bearings of given points on a map.

Diagram of 16 points of the compass.
Oral exercise.

Pair of compasses & protractors.
Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
43-44

MAP WORK

Determination of magnetic bearing.
Locating places using latitudes and longitudes.
Locating places using four- figure grid references.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Determine magnetic bearing given the grid bearing.

Q/A: conversion of minutes and seconds to degrees.
Exposition: calculating magnetic variation.
Worked examples.

Topographical maps.
Chart: grid reference system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Locating places using six-figure grid references.
Representing relief using spot heights and trigonometric stations.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Give the six-figure grid reference of points on map.

Q/A: identifying eastings and northings.
Guided exercise.
Assignment.

Chart: grid reference system.
Atlases or topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK P 49

MAP WORK

Contours and forms lines.
Methods of representing relief.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define contours and forms lines.
Identify Contours and forms lines

Exposition: new terms.
Q/A: Contour interval, vertical height.
Exercise: estimating height-using contours.

Topographical maps.
Textbooks pictures.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
50-51

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Ground photographs. Aerial photographs.
Parts of a photograph.
Uses of photographs & Limitations of photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between ground close-ups and ground oblique photographs.
Distinguish between general oblique and vertical aerial photographs.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.
Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
55-57

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Interpretation of photographs.
Human activities on photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain what interpretation of photographs entails.

Class exercise: estimating the time and season when the photograph was taken, direction and sizes of features.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 59

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.
STATISTICAL METHODS.

Industrial activities, mining activities & forms of transport.
Sketching diagrams from photographs.
Comparative line graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify industrial and mining activities & forms of transport in a photograph.

Oral questions on presence of industrial and mining activities & modes of transport and communication.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Comparative bar graphs.
Divided bars & Divided rectangles.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Construct comparative bar graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative bar graphs.

Q/A: review methods of presenting statistical data.
Activity: construct a comparative bar graph.
Assignment.

Chart ?
Comparative bar graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
65-67

STATISTICAL METHODS.
KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Analysis of statistical tables.
Definition of weather, climate and elements of weather.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Analyse data in statistical tables.

Table analysis.
Assignment.

Diagrams and maps.
Combined temperature rainfall diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Factors influencing climate. - latitude, altitude and continentality.
Factors influencing climate. - aspect and ocean currents.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the influence of latitude, altitude and continentality on the climate of an area.

Brain storming.
Exposition, Q/A & discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
70-73

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

ITCZ
Forests & microclimate.
Description of climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term ITCZ.
Explain the effect of shifting of the ITCZ on the climate of a zone.

Exposition of new concepts.
Explanations.

Map of Africa: the ITCZ and prevailing winds.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK 74

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Climate regions of Kenya. Modified equatorial climate.
Tropical climate & tropical Northern climate.
Desert climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify regions that experience Modified equatorial climate.
Describe Modified equatorial climate.

Detailed discussion.

Map of Kenya: climatic regions rainfall-temperature graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
77-78

CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Equatorial climate.
Equatorial monsoon.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State characteristics of equatorial climate.

Exposition of new concepts, explanations and Q/A.
Assignment: rainfall-temperature graphs.

Maps: world climatic regions.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
79-80

CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Tropical monsoon.
Tropical marine & Tropical continental.
Tropical Desert climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State characteristics of tropical monsoon.

Exposition of new concepts, explanations and Q/A.
Assignment: rainfall-temperature graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 80-81

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Categories of vegetation.
Influence of topographical factors on vegetation.
Influence of climatic factors on vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define the term vegetation.
Identify the three categories of vegetation.

Exposition and Q/A.

Photographs of various types of forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
99-100

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Influence of edaphic factors on vegetation.
Biotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term edaphic.

Exposition of new concepts.
Q/A on physical and properties of soil.
Brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
102-103

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Vegetation in Kenya.
Mountain vegetation.
Field work on vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe forest, vegetation & savanna vegetation in Kenya.

Q/A and discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
104-105

FORESTRY

Natural and planted forests.
Types of natural forests.
Importance of forests and forests? products.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between natural and planted forests.

Q/A: definition of a forest.
Discussion: natural and planted forests; indigenous and exotic forests.

Photographs: natural and derived forests.
Photographs: vegetation in various types of forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 126

FORESTRY

Problems facing forestry in Kenya.
Management and conservation of forests.
Softwood forests in Kenya and Canada.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify the problems facing forestry in Kenya.

Q/A & detailed discussion.

Newspaper cuttings & photographs illustrating some problems facing forestry in Kenya.
Map ? location of Canada.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 130