INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Earth movements.
Causes of earth movements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between internal and external land forming processes.
Differentiate between crustal compressional and tensional forces.
Explain effects of horizontal earth movements.

Probing questions.
Brief discussion on compression, tension, upwarping, downwarping, and shearing of crustal rocks.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK II.

PAGES
1-2

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Results of earth movements.
Theory of Continental Drift.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify landforms resulting from earth movements.

Discussion & drawing of illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
2-3

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Plates Tectonic Theory.
Folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the Plates Tectonic Theory.

Exposition of the theory & discussion on evidence of the theory.
Drawing diagrams showing meeting of tectonic plates.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
5-6

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of folds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify types of folds.
Describe various folding processes.

Exposition of types of folds and resulting landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
9-11

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Features resulting from folding.
Significance of folding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe landforms resulting from folding.

Discussion & drawing labelled diagrams of landforms.

Illustrative diagrams.
Map: World distribution of fold mountains.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Faulting.
Types of faults.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define faulting.
Identify parts associated with a fault.

Q/A: review horizontal and vertical earth movements.
Discussion on parts associated with a fault.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
13-14

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Features resulting from faulting.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe landforms resulting from faulting.

Discussion &
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
14-19

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

The Great Rift Valley.
The Gregory Rift Valley.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Trace the Great Rift Valley on a map.
Describe parts of the Great Rift Valley.

Case study.
The Afro-Arabian rift system.

Map: The Afro-Arabian rift system.
Map / chart: Kenyan?s rift system and the associated highlands.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 21

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Significance of faulting.
Vulcanicity and Earthquakes. Definitions associated with vulcanicity and volcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain ways in which faulting is significant.
Explain effects of faulting on the physical environment.

Probing questions.
Detailed discussion.
Assignment.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 22-24

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Intrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various intrusive features.
Explain formation of various intrusive features.
Illustrate intrusive features with labelled diagrams.

Exposition of new concepts.
Probing questions.
Drawing illustrative diagrams.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 32-34

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Extrusive features.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various extrusive volcanic features.
Illustrate extrusive volcanic features with labelled diagrams.

Give examples of extrusive features in Africa. Discussion.
Assignment.

Pictures in various textbooks.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-27

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of volcanoes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the three types of volcanoes.

Q/A & discussion on types of volcanoes.
Assignment: table showing types and examples of volcanoes in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 25-30

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.
Positive influences of vulcanicity.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify volcanic regions in Kenya and in Africa.

Drawing map of Kenya & Africa and showing the distribution of volcanoes and volcanic features.

Maps: Volcanic regions in Kenya, Africa and in the World.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 30-35

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Negative influences of vulcanicity.
Earthquakes. Definitions associated with earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight negative influences of vulcanicity.

Q/A, detailed discussion and assignment.

Illustrative diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 36

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Causes of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe human and natural causes of earthquakes.

Q/A to review tectonic movements, vulcanicity.
Probing questions leading to causes of earthquakes.
Q/A: human activities that may cause tremors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
37-38

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

Types of earthquakes and waves. Measurement of earthquakes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe primary and secondary seismic waves.
Identify scales used to determine the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.

Brief discussion: primary and secondary waves.
Exposition of basic terms:
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Open discussion.

Newspaper extracts on intensity and magnitude of earthquakes.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 38-39

INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES
MAP WORK

Effects of earthquakes.
Compass Bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Outline effects of earthquakes & tremors.

Q/A and brief discussion.

Newspaper cuttings outlining effects of earthquakes.
Pair of compasses & protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
40-41

MAP WORK

True Bearing.
Calculation of grid bearing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Find the true bearing of a point from another point.

Brain storming;
Class exercise.

Pair of compasses protractors.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Determination of magnetic bearing.
Locating places using latitudes and longitudes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Determine magnetic bearing given the grid bearing.

Q/A: conversion of minutes and seconds to degrees.
Exposition: calculating magnetic variation.
Worked examples.

Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
44-45

MAP WORK

Locating places using four- figure grid references.
Locating places using six-figure grid references.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Give the four-figure grid reference of points on map.

Q/A identifying easting and nor things.
Guided exercise

Chart: grid reference system.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
48-49

MAP WORK

Representing relief using spot heights and trigonometric stations.
Contours and forms lines.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term land relief.
Identify spot heights & trigonometric stations on a map.

Q/A: review six-figure reference.
Definition of land relief.
Brief discussion.

Atlases or topographical maps.
Topographical maps.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
49-51

MAP WORK

Methods of representing relief.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain use of pictorials, hachures, hill shading and layer tinting to represent relief.
State advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Exposition, Q/A and brief discussions.
Assignment.

Textbooks pictures.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
53

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Ground photographs. Aerial photographs.
Parts of a photograph.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Distinguish between ground close-ups and ground oblique photographs.
Distinguish between general oblique and vertical aerial photographs.

Exposition of new concepts & brief discussion.

Illustrative diagrams.
Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
55-57

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Uses of photographs & Limitations of photographs.
Interpretation of photographs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State uses of photographs.
Highlight limitations in the use of photographs.

Q/A and discussion.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 59

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.

Human activities on photographs.
Industrial activities, mining activities & forms of transport.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify various human activities on a photograph.

Oral questions on types of farming and supportive evidence.
Written exercise.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

PHOTOGRAPH WORK.
STATISTICAL METHODS.

Sketching diagrams from photographs.
Comparative line graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Sketch diagrams from parts of photographs.

Teacher highlights the steps to be followed.
Supervised exercise &
written exercise.

Photographs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 61

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Comparative bar graphs.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Construct comparative bar graphs.
State advantages and disadvantages of comparative bar graphs.

Q/A: review methods of presenting statistical data.
Activity: construct a comparative bar graph.
Assignment.

Chart ?
Comparative bar graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
65-67

STATISTICAL METHODS.

Divided bars & Divided rectangles.
Analysis of statistical tables.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Present statistical data using divided bars and rectangles.
State advantages and disadvantages of divided rectangles.

Exposition.
Supervised practice.
Oral questions.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
67-69

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Definition of weather, climate and elements of weather.
Factors influencing climate. - latitude, altitude and continentality.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:



Define climate.
Define weather.
Identify elements of weather.

Brain storming.
Q/A & brief discussion.

Diagrams and maps.
Combined temperature rainfall diagrams.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 70

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Factors influencing climate. - aspect and ocean currents.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the influence of aspect and ocean currents on the climate of an area.

Exposition of new aspects & brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
70-73

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Factors influencing climate. -wind and air masses & configuration of the coastline.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the influence of wind and air masses & configuration of the coastline on the climate of an area.

Exposition of new concepts, oral questions & discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
73-74

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

ITCZ

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term ITCZ.
Explain the effect of shifting of the ITCZ on the climate of a zone.

Exposition of new concepts.
Explanations.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK 74

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Forests & microclimate.
Description of climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the term microclimate.
Explain the effects of forests on climate of area.

Q/A & discussion.

Map of Africa: the ITCZ and prevailing winds.

  KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOKPAGES
75-76

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Climate regions of Kenya. Modified equatorial climate.
Tropical climate & tropical Northern climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify regions that experience Modified equatorial climate.
Describe Modified equatorial climate.

Detailed discussion.

Map of Kenya: climatic regions rainfall-temperature graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
77-78

KENYA?S CLIMATIC REGIONS.
CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Desert climate.
Equatorial climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe the modified tropical climate.
Identify regions that experience Modified tropical climate.

Detailed discussion & assignment.

Map of Kenya: climatic regions rainfall-temperature graphs.
Maps: world climatic regions.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK P 79

CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Equatorial monsoon.
Tropical monsoon.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State characteristics of equatorial monsoon.

Exposition of new concepts, explanations and Q/A.
Assignment: rainfall-temperature graphs

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
79-80

CLIMATE (2) WORLD CLIMATIC REGIONS.

Tropical marine & Tropical continental.
Tropical Desert climate.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State characteristics of tropical marine & tropical continental.

Exposition of new concepts, explanations and Q/A.
Assignment: rainfall-temperature graphs.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES 81-83

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Categories of vegetation.
Influence of topographical factors on vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Define the term vegetation.
Identify the three categories of vegetation.

Exposition and Q/A.

Photographs of various types of forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
99-100

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Influence of climatic factors on vegetation.
Influence of edaphic factors on vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the Influence of climatic factors on vegetation.

Probing questions & Discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
101-102

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Biotic factors.
Vegetation in Kenya.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain the influence of biotic factors on vegetation modification and /or destruction.

Q/A: review microclimate.
Brief discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
103-104

VEGETATION 1 VEGETATION ZONES.

Mountain vegetation.
Field work on vegetation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Outline types of mountain vegetation.
State characteristics of various types of mountain vegetation.
Identify locations of mountain vegetation.
State uses of mountain vegetation.

Q/A & elaborate discussion.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
105-122

FORESTRY

Natural and planted forests.
Types of natural forests.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Differentiate between natural and planted forests.

Q/A: definition of a forest.
Discussion: natural and planted forests; indigenous and exotic forests.

Photographs: natural and derived forests.
Photographs: vegetation in various types of forests.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 126

FORESTRY

Importance of forests and forests? products.
Problems facing forestry in Kenya.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Identify importance of forests and forests? products.

Q/A & discussion: economic, environmental, cultural values of forests.

Newspaper cuttings & photographs illustrating some problems facing forestry in Kenya.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGE 129

FORESTRY

Management and conservation of forests.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe management and conservation practices carried out in Kenya.
State the importance of management and conservation of forests.

Discussion: measures taken to manage and conserve forests and their importance.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
130-131

FORESTRY

Softwood forests in Kenya and Canada.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Compare and contrast development of softwood forests in Kenya and in Canada.
Identify factors favouring / militating against exploitation of softwoods in both countries.
Identify benefits of softwoods.

Map ? location of Canada.

KLB
GEOGRAPHY
BOOK PAGES
132-135