FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power
Wind power, water power and biomass

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe various sources of power that can be used on farms. State advantages and disadvantages of animal power. Explain the use of yokes for harnessing animals.

Q/A on farm power definition and sources. Discussion on human power limitations (0.07-0.1 kw capacity). Analysis of animal power advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of yoke construction and use for oxen and donkeys.

Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets
Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels
The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines
The four-stroke cycle engine
The two-stroke cycle engine
Fuel system - Petrol fuel system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain solar energy uses and photovoltaic systems. Describe electrical power sources. Identify fossil fuels and their farm applications.

Exposition on solar energy uses (drying, heating, electricity). Discussion on photovoltaic systems and battery storage. Analysis of fossil fuels: petroleum, coal, natural gases. Cost comparison of different energy sources.

Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts
Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials
Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts
Two-stroke engine diagrams, Port system models, Application comparison charts, Selection guides
Petrol engine fuel system diagrams, Carburettor models, Fuel filters, Maintenance materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 43-47

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Diesel fuel system
Electrical system
Ignition system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the diesel fuel system of a tractor. State maintenance practices of diesel fuel system.

Block diagram construction of diesel fuel system. Study of injection pump operation. Practical maintenance procedures. Comparison of diesel vs petrol systems.

Diesel engine fuel system diagrams, Injection pump models, Fuel filters, Maintenance tools
Electrical system charts, Battery models, Maintenance tools, Terminal cleaning materials
Ignition system charts, Component models, Fault diagnosis guides, Maintenance materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 58-59

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Cooling system
Lubrication system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Briefly describe air-cooled and water-cooled systems. Discuss proper maintenance of cooling system.

Comparison of air-cooled vs water-cooled systems. Study of water cooling components (radiator, water pump, thermostat). Practical maintenance procedures. Temperature regulation analysis (80°C-90°C).

Cooling system diagrams, Radiator models, Thermostat demonstration, Temperature monitoring tools
Lubrication system diagrams, Oil samples (SAE 10, 50, 90-150), Dipstick demonstration, Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 63-65

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Power transmission system
Power transmission mechanism
Tractor servicing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the function of power transmission system. State the function of clutch, gearbox and differential.

Study of transmission components: clutch, gearbox, differential, final drive. Practical demonstration of clutch operation (engaged/disengaged). Analysis of power flow from engine to wheels.

Power transmission diagrams, Clutch models, Gearbox demonstration, Differential components
PTO shaft models, Hydraulic system diagrams, Draw bar demonstration, Power transmission charts
Tractor servicing checklists, Maintenance tools (dipstick, pressure gauge), Service schedule templates

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 67-69

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Tractor drawn implements - Attachment methods
Disc plough and mouldboard plough

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify tractor drawn implements based on attachment to tractor. List maintenance practices for a trailer.

Study of attachment methods: one-point hitch (drawbar) vs three-point hitch. Analysis of implement classification. Practical maintenance of trailers. Problem-solving attachment issues.

Attachment method charts, Trailer models, Three-point hitch demonstration, Maintenance materials
Disc plough diagrams, Mouldboard plough charts, Plough part models, Maintenance tools, Comparison tables

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 72-74

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Harrows and other implements
Animal drawn implements
Household-firm relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of harrows and their uses. Explain functional features of sub-soilers, ridgers, rotary tillers and mowers.

Study of harrow types: disc, spring tine, spike toothed. Analysis of implement functions and applications. Practical maintenance procedures. Problem-solving implement selection.

Harrow diagrams, Sub-soiler models, Ridger demonstration, Rotary tiller charts, Mower components
Ox-plough diagrams, Animal-drawn implement charts, Yoke demonstration, Comparison analysis sheets
Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 78-85

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
Per capita income and contribution of agriculture
Land as a factor of production
Labour as a factor of production
Capital and management as factors of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms GDP and GNP. Define the term Gross National Income (GNI). Calculate GDP, GNP and GNI using given data.

Exposition on GDP and GNP definitions and differences. Discussion on income inflow and outflow effects. Study of GNP calculation: GDP + (income inflow - outflow). Practical calculations using economic data. Problem-solving comparison scenarios.

GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators
Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data
Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples
Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools
Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 76-77

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function concepts
Production function curves
Increasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define production function. State characteristics of variable and fixed inputs. Distinguish between variable and fixed inputs.

Q/A on production function as input-output relationship. Study of variable inputs: change with production, allocated to enterprises, used for gross margins. Analysis of fixed inputs: constant costs, not allocated to specific enterprises. Practical classification of farm inputs with examples.

Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials
Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets
Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 85-87

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Constant and decreasing returns production functions
Law of diminishing returns
Zones of a production function curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate constant and decreasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples of each type. Compare all three types of production functions.

Study of Table 4.4 (bread production - constant returns) showing straight line graph and constant marginal product. Analysis of Table 4.5 (maize with NPK - decreasing returns). Explanation using Figures 4.4 and 4.5. Discussion on decreasing returns as commonest type in agriculture. Comparison of the three production function types.

Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials
Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials
Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 90-94

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships
Product-product relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets
Product relationship charts, Enterprise examples from textbook, Farm planning scenarios

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost
Types of revenue and profit maximization
Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications
Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators
Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting
Agricultural support services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators
Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)
Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)
Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)
Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies
Importance of Keeping Farm Accounts
Invoice
Receipt

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms risk and uncertainty. List types of risks and uncertainties. Outline ways of adjusting to uncertainties and risks.

Study of uncertainty (imperfect knowledge of future events) vs risk (divergence between expected and actual outcome). Analysis of risk types from textbook: price fluctuations, physical yield uncertainty, ownership uncertainty, pest/disease outbreaks, sickness/injury, new technology uncertainty, obsolescence, natural catastrophes. Discussion on adjustment strategies: diversification, selecting certain enterprises, contracting, insurance, input rationing, production flexibility, modern methods.

Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples
Flipchart, sample loan forms, calculator
Table 5.1 from textbook, blank invoice forms, calculator
Tables 5.2a and 5.2b from textbook, sample receipts, revenue stamps

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 118-121

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Delivery Note and Purchase Order
Ledger
Inventory
Cash Book and Journal
Balance Sheet

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details contained in a delivery note. Outline details contained in a purchase order.

Study Table 5.3 delivery note and Table 5.4 purchase order from textbook. Practice completing both documents. Trace complete transaction cycle using all four financial documents.

Tables 5.3 and 5.4 from textbook, blank forms
Table 5.5 from textbook, T-account charts, rulers
Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, 5.6c from textbook, inventory forms, calculators
Tables 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 from textbook, cash books, calculators
Tables 5.10 and 5.11 from textbook, balance sheet templates, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 110-111

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)
Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Profit and Loss Account
Cash Analysis
Definition of Market

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a profit and loss account. Draw a profit and loss account. Compute net profit.

Study Tables 5.12 and 5.13 profit and loss formats. Practice using Hekima Farm example to calculate net profit using textbook formula.

Tables 5.12 and 5.13 from textbook, templates, calculators
Cash analysis table from textbook, analysis forms, calculators
Charts showing market scenarios, local market examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 121-123

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Definition and Functions
Monopolistic Competition
Oligopoly and Monopsony
Definition and Law of Demand
Demand Schedule and Curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define marketing and describe marketing function.

Study marketing as flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. Explanation of marketing functions as activities involved in marketing process. Students identify local marketing activities and relate to textbook definitions.

Marketing flow charts, local examples
Market structure diagrams, business examples
Market comparison charts, case studies
Figure 6.1 from textbook, demand examples
Graph paper, rulers, sample demand data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Influencing Demand
Elasticity of Demand
Types of Elasticity of Demand
Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting demand for a commodity.

Study ten factors affecting demand: population, income, preferences and tastes, prices of related goods, advertisement, beliefs customs and taboos, price expectation, level of taxation, perishability, future expectations. Discussion using local agricultural examples like milk, eggs, meat.

Examples of local agricultural commodities, factor charts
Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets
Figures 6.3-6.6 from textbook, graph paper, rulers
Local commodity examples, classification charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 129-130

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Supply Definition and Law
Elasticity of Supply

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term supply. State and explain factors affecting supply of a commodity.

Study supply as quantity producers are willing to sell at specified prices in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.7 showing direct relationship between price and supply. Study Table 6.1 supply schedule for meat. Analysis of ten factors affecting supply including number of sellers, technology, weather, government policy.

Figure 6.7, Table 6.1 from textbook, supply examples
Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 133-135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Price Theory and Market Equilibrium
Marketing Functions
Marketing Organizations and Agencies
Agricultural Organizations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how market prices are determined.

Study price as amount of money paid for goods or services. Examination of Figure 6.9 showing demand-supply relationship in determining equilibrium price. Discussion on price control, government intervention, and liberalization effects on agricultural commodity pricing.

Figure 6.9 from textbook, price examples
Charts showing marketing functions, local examples
Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts
List of statutory boards, co-operative examples, youth organization materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 136-138