Matrices and Transformation

Matrices of Transformation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define transformation and identify types
-Recognize that matrices can represent transformations
-Apply 2×2 matrices to position vectors
-Relate matrix operations to geometric transformations

-Review transformation concepts from Form 2
-Demonstrate matrix multiplication using position vectors
-Plot objects and images on coordinate plane
-Practice identifying transformations from images

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 1-5

Matrices and Transformation

Identifying Common Transformation Matrices
Finding the Matrix of a Transformation
Using the Unit Square Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Identify matrices for reflection, rotation, enlargement
-Describe transformations represented by given matrices
-Apply identity matrix and understand its effect
-Distinguish between different types of transformations

-Use unit square drawn on paper to identify transformations
-Practice with specific matrices like (0 1; 1 0), (-1 0; 0 1)
-Draw objects and images under various transformations
-Q&A on transformation properties

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-String
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 1-5

Matrices and Transformation

Successive Transformations
Matrix Multiplication for Combined Transformations
Single Matrix for Successive Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand the concept of successive transformations
-Apply transformations in correct order
-Recognize that order matters in matrix multiplication
-Perform multiple transformations step by step

-Demonstrate successive transformations with paper cutouts
-Practice applying transformations in sequence
-Compare results when order is changed
-Work through step-by-step examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Coloured pencils
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 16-24

Matrices and Transformation

Inverse of a Transformation
Properties of Inverse Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define inverse transformation conceptually
-Find inverse matrices using algebraic methods
-Apply inverse transformations to return objects to original position
-Verify inverse relationships using matrix multiplication

-Demonstrate inverse transformations geometrically
-Practice finding inverse matrices algebraically
-Verify that A × A⁻¹ = I
-Apply inverse transformations to solve problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 24-26

Matrices and Transformation

Area Scale Factor and Determinant
Shear Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Establish relationship between area scale factor and determinant
-Calculate area scale factors for transformations
-Apply determinant to find area changes
-Solve problems involving area transformations

-Measure areas of objects and images using grid paper
-Calculate determinants and compare with area ratios
-Practice with various transformation types
-Verify the relationship: ASF =

det A
Exercise books
-Cardboard pieces
-Manila paper
-Ruler

Matrices and Transformation

Stretch Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define stretch transformation and scale factors
-Distinguish between one-way and two-way stretches
-Construct matrices for stretch transformations
-Apply stretch transformations to solve problems

-Demonstrate stretch using rubber bands and paper
-Practice with x-axis and y-axis invariant stretches
-Construct stretch matrices systematically
-Compare stretches with enlargements

Exercise books
-Rubber bands
-Manila paper
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 28-34

Matrices and Transformation

Combined Shear and Stretch Problems
Isometric and Non-isometric Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply shear and stretch transformations in combination
-Solve complex transformation problems
-Identify transformation types from matrices
-Calculate areas under shear and stretch transformations

-Work through complex transformation sequences
-Practice identifying transformation types
-Calculate area changes under different transformations
-Solve real-world applications

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Chalk/markers
-Paper cutouts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 28-34

Statistics II

Introduction to Advanced Statistics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Review measures of central tendency from Form 2
-Identify limitations of simple mean calculations
-Understand need for advanced statistical methods
-Recognize patterns in large datasets

-Review mean, median, mode from previous work
-Discuss challenges with large numbers
-Examine real data from Kenya (population, rainfall)
-Q&A on statistical applications in daily life

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real data examples
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 39-42

Statistics II

Working Mean Concept
Mean Using Working Mean - Simple Data

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define working mean (assumed mean)
-Explain why working mean simplifies calculations
-Identify appropriate working mean values
-Apply working mean to reduce calculation errors

-Demonstrate calculation difficulties with large numbers
-Show how working mean simplifies arithmetic
-Practice selecting suitable working means
-Compare results with and without working mean

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Sample datasets
-Chalk/markers
-Student data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 39-42

Statistics II

Mean Using Working Mean - Frequency Tables

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate mean using working mean for frequency data
-Apply working mean to discrete frequency distributions
-Use the formula with frequencies correctly
-Solve real-world problems with frequency data

-Demonstrate with family size data from local community
-Practice calculating fx and fd systematically
-Work through examples step-by-step
-Students practice with their own collected data

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Community data
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 42-48

Statistics II

Mean for Grouped Data Using Working Mean
Advanced Working Mean Techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate mean for grouped continuous data
-Select appropriate working mean for grouped data
-Use midpoints of class intervals correctly
-Apply working mean formula to grouped data

-Use height/weight data of students in class
-Practice finding midpoints of class intervals
-Work through complex calculations step by step
-Students practice with agricultural production data

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real datasets
-Chalk/markers
-Economic data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 42-48

Statistics II

Introduction to Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define quartiles, deciles, and percentiles
-Understand how they divide data into parts
-Explain the relationship between these measures
-Identify their importance in data analysis

-Use physical demonstration with student heights
-Arrange 20 students by height to show quartiles
-Explain percentile ranks in exam results
-Discuss applications in grading systems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Student height data
-Measuring tape

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 49-52

Statistics II

Calculating Quartiles for Ungrouped Data
Quartiles for Grouped Data

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find lower quartile, median, upper quartile for raw data
-Apply the position formulas correctly
-Arrange data in ascending order systematically
-Interpret quartile values in context

-Practice with test scores from the class
-Arrange data systematically on chalkboard
-Calculate Q1, Q2, Q3 step by step
-Students work with their own datasets

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Test score data
-Chalk/markers
-Grade data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 49-52

Statistics II

Deciles and Percentiles Calculations
Introduction to Cumulative Frequency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate specific deciles and percentiles
-Apply interpolation formulas for deciles/percentiles
-Interpret decile and percentile positions
-Use these measures for comparative analysis

-Calculate specific percentiles for class test scores
-Find deciles for sports performance data
-Compare students' positions using percentiles
-Practice with national examination statistics

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Performance data
-Chalk/markers
-Ruler
-Class data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 49-52

Statistics II

Drawing Cumulative Frequency Curves (Ogives)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Draw accurate ogives using proper scales
-Plot cumulative frequency against upper boundaries
-Create smooth curves through plotted points
-Label axes and scales correctly

-Practice plotting on large manila paper
-Use rulers for accurate scales
-Demonstrate smooth curve drawing technique
-Students create their own ogives

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 52-60

Statistics II

Reading Values from Ogives
Applications of Ogives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Read median from cumulative frequency curve
-Find quartiles using ogive
-Estimate any percentile from the curve
-Interpret readings in real-world context

-Demonstrate reading techniques on large ogive
-Practice finding median position (n/2)
-Read quartile positions systematically
-Students practice reading their own curves

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Completed ogives
-Ruler
-Real problem datasets

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 52-60

Statistics II

Introduction to Measures of Dispersion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define dispersion and its importance
-Understand limitations of central tendency alone
-Compare datasets with same mean but different spread
-Identify different measures of dispersion

-Compare test scores of two classes with same mean
-Show how different spreads affect interpretation
-Discuss variability in real-world data
-Introduce range as simplest measure

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Comparative datasets
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 60-65

Statistics II

Range and Interquartile Range
Mean Absolute Deviation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate range for different datasets
-Find interquartile range (Q3 - Q1)
-Calculate quartile deviation (semi-interquartile range)
-Compare advantages and limitations of each measure

-Calculate range for student heights in class
-Find IQR for the same data
-Discuss effect of outliers on range
-Compare IQR stability with range

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Student data
-Measuring tape
-Test score data
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 60-65

Statistics II

Introduction to Variance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define variance as mean of squared deviations
-Calculate variance using definition formula
-Understand why deviations are squared
-Compare variance with other dispersion measures

-Work through variance calculation step by step
-Explain squaring deviations eliminates negatives
-Calculate variance for simple datasets
-Compare with mean absolute deviation

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Simple datasets
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 65-70

Statistics II

Variance Using Alternative Formula
Standard Deviation Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply the formula: σ² = (Σx²/n) - x̄²
-Use alternative variance formula efficiently
-Compare computational methods
-Solve variance problems for frequency data

-Demonstrate both variance formulas
-Show computational advantages of alternative formula
-Practice with frequency tables
-Students choose efficient method

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Frequency data
-Chalk/markers
-Exam score data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 65-70

Statistics II

Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate standard deviation for frequency distributions
-Use working mean with grouped data for SD
-Apply coding techniques to simplify calculations
-Solve complex grouped data problems

-Work with agricultural yield data from local farms
-Use coding method to simplify calculations
-Calculate SD step by step for grouped data
-Compare variability in different crops

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Agricultural data
-Chalk/markers

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 65-70

Statistics II
Loci

Advanced Standard Deviation Techniques
Introduction to Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply transformation properties of standard deviation
-Use coding with class width division
-Solve problems with multiple transformations
-Verify results using different methods

-Demonstrate coding transformations
-Show how SD changes with data transformations
-Practice reverse calculations
-Verify using alternative methods

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Transformation examples
-Chalk/markers
-String

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 65-70

Loci

Basic Locus Concepts and Laws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that loci follow specific laws or conditions
-Identify the laws governing different types of movement
-Distinguish between 2D and 3D loci
-Apply locus concepts to simple problems

-Physical demonstrations with moving objects
-Students track movement of classroom door
-Identify laws governing pendulum movement
-Practice stating locus laws clearly

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-String
-Real objects

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 73-75

Loci

Perpendicular Bisector Locus
Properties and Applications of Perpendicular Bisector

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define perpendicular bisector locus
-Construct perpendicular bisector using compass and ruler
-Prove that points on perpendicular bisector are equidistant from endpoints
-Apply perpendicular bisector to solve problems

-Construct perpendicular bisector on manila paper
-Measure distances to verify equidistance property
-Use folding method to find perpendicular bisector
-Practice with different line segments

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Locus of Points at Fixed Distance from a Point

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define circle as locus of points at fixed distance from center
-Construct circles with given radius using compass
-Understand sphere as 3D locus from fixed point
-Solve problems involving circular loci

-Construct circles of different radii
-Demonstrate with string of fixed length
-Discuss radar coverage, radio signal range
-Students create circles with various measurements

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-String

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Locus of Points at Fixed Distance from a Line
Angle Bisector Locus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define locus of points at fixed distance from straight line
-Construct parallel lines at given distances
-Understand cylindrical surface in 3D
-Apply to practical problems like road margins

-Construct parallel lines using ruler and set square
-Mark points at equal distances from given line
-Discuss road design, river banks, field boundaries
-Practice with various distances and orientations

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Set square
-Compass
-Protractor

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Properties and Applications of Angle Bisector

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand relationship between angle bisectors in triangles
-Apply angle bisector theorem
-Solve problems involving inscribed circles
-Use angle bisectors in geometric constructions

-Construct inscribed circle using angle bisectors
-Apply angle bisector theorem to solve problems
-Find external angle bisectors
-Solve practical surveying problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Constant Angle Locus
Advanced Constant Angle Constructions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand constant angle locus concept
-Construct constant angle loci using arc method
-Apply circle theorems to constant angle problems
-Solve problems involving angles in semicircles

-Demonstrate constant angle using protractor
-Construct arc passing through two points
-Use angles in semicircle property
-Practice with different angle measures

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Protractor

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 75-82

Loci

Introduction to Intersecting Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of intersecting loci
-Identify points satisfying multiple conditions
-Find intersection points of two loci
-Apply intersecting loci to solve practical problems

-Demonstrate intersection of two circles
-Find points equidistant from two points AND at fixed distance from third point
-Solve simple two-condition problems
-Practice identifying intersection points

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 83-89

Loci

Intersecting Circles and Lines
Triangle Centers Using Intersecting Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find intersections of circles with lines
-Determine intersections of two circles
-Solve problems with line and circle combinations
-Apply to geometric construction problems

-Construct intersecting circles and lines
-Find common tangents to circles
-Solve problems involving circle-line intersections
-Apply to wheel and track problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 83-89

Loci

Complex Intersecting Loci Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve problems with three or more conditions
-Find regions satisfying multiple constraints
-Apply intersecting loci to optimization problems
-Use systematic approach to complex problems

-Solve treasure hunt type problems
-Find optimal locations for facilities
-Apply to surveying and engineering problems
-Practice systematic problem-solving approach

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Real-world scenarios

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 83-89

Loci

Introduction to Loci of Inequalities
Distance Inequality Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand graphical representation of inequalities
-Identify regions satisfying inequality conditions
-Distinguish between boundary lines and regions
-Apply inequality loci to practical constraints

-Shade regions representing simple inequalities
-Use broken and solid lines appropriately
-Practice with distance inequalities
-Apply to real-world constraint problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Colored pencils
-Compass

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 89-92

Loci

Combined Inequality Loci

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve problems with multiple inequality constraints
-Find intersection regions of inequality loci
-Apply to optimization and feasibility problems
-Use systematic shading techniques

-Find feasible regions for multiple constraints
-Solve planning problems with restrictions
-Apply to resource allocation scenarios
-Practice systematic region identification

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Colored pencils

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 89-92

Loci

Advanced Inequality Applications
Introduction to Loci Involving Chords

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply inequality loci to linear programming introduction
-Solve real-world optimization problems
-Find maximum and minimum values in regions
-Use graphical methods for decision making

-Solve simple linear programming problems
-Find optimal points in feasible regions
-Apply to business and farming scenarios
-Practice identifying corner points

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Ruler
-Real problem data
-Compass

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 89-92

Loci

Chord-Based Constructions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Construct circles through three points using chords
-Find loci of chord midpoints
-Solve problems with intersecting chords
-Apply chord properties to geometric constructions

-Construct circles using three non-collinear points
-Find locus of midpoints of parallel chords
-Solve chord intersection problems
-Practice with chord-tangent relationships

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 92-94

Loci

Advanced Chord Problems
Integration of All Loci Types

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complex problems involving multiple chords
-Apply power of point theorem
-Find loci related to chord properties
-Use chords in circle geometry proofs

-Apply intersecting chords theorem
-Solve problems with chord-secant relationships
-Find loci of points with equal power
-Practice with tangent-chord angles

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Compass
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 92-94

Trigonometry III

Review of Basic Trigonometric Ratios
Deriving the Identity sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Recall sin, cos, tan from right-angled triangles
-Apply Pythagoras theorem with trigonometry
-Use basic trigonometric ratios to solve problems
-Establish relationship between trigonometric ratios

-Review right-angled triangle ratios from Form 2
-Practice calculating unknown sides and angles
-Work through examples using SOH-CAH-TOA
-Solve simple practical problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Calculators (if available)
-Unit circle diagrams
-Calculators

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 99-103

Trigonometry III

Applications of sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve problems using the fundamental identity
-Find missing trigonometric ratios given one ratio
-Apply identity to simplify trigonometric expressions
-Use identity in geometric problem solving

-Work through examples finding cos when sin is given
-Practice simplifying complex trigonometric expressions
-Solve problems involving unknown angles
-Apply to real-world navigation problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Trigonometric tables
-Real-world examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 99-103

Trigonometry III

Additional Trigonometric Identities
Introduction to Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Derive and apply tan θ = sin θ/cos θ
-Use reciprocal ratios (sec, cosec, cot)
-Apply multiple identities in problem solving
-Verify trigonometric identities algebraically

-Demonstrate relationship between tan, sin, cos
-Introduce reciprocal ratios with examples
-Practice identity verification techniques
-Solve composite identity problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Identity reference sheet
-Calculators
-String/rope
-Wave diagrams

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 99-103

Trigonometry III

Sine and Cosine Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Plot graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x
-Identify amplitude and period of basic functions
-Compare sine and cosine wave patterns
-Read values from trigonometric graphs

-Plot sin x and cos x on same axes using manila paper
-Mark key points (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360°)
-Measure and compare wave characteristics
-Practice reading values from completed graphs

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Graph paper (if available)

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Transformations of Sine Waves
Period Changes in Trigonometric Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand effect of coefficient on amplitude
-Plot graphs of y = k sin x for different values of k
-Compare transformed waves with basic sine wave
-Apply amplitude changes to real situations

-Plot y = 2 sin x, y = 3 sin x on manila paper
-Compare amplitudes with y = sin x
-Demonstrate stretching effect of coefficient
-Apply to sound volume or signal strength examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Colored pencils
-Rulers
-Period calculation charts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Combined Amplitude and Period Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Plot graphs of y = a sin(bx) functions
-Identify both amplitude and period changes
-Solve problems with multiple transformations
-Apply to complex wave phenomena

-Plot y = 2 sin(3x), y = 3 sin(x/2) on manila paper
-Calculate both amplitude and period for each function
-Compare multiple transformed waves
-Apply to radio waves or tidal patterns

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Transformation examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Phase Angles and Wave Shifts
General Trigonometric Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of phase angle
-Plot graphs of y = sin(x + θ) functions
-Identify horizontal shifts in wave patterns
-Apply phase differences to wave analysis

-Plot y = sin(x + 45°), y = sin(x - 30°)
-Demonstrate horizontal shifting of waves
-Compare leading and lagging waves
-Apply to electrical circuits or sound waves

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Colored pencils
-Phase shift examples
-Rulers
-Complex function examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Cosine Wave Transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply transformations to cosine functions
-Plot y = a cos(bx + c) functions
-Compare cosine and sine transformations
-Use cosine functions in modeling

-Plot various cosine transformations on manila paper
-Compare with equivalent sine transformations
-Practice identifying cosine wave parameters
-Model temperature variations using cosine

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Temperature data

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 103-109

Trigonometry III

Introduction to Trigonometric Equations
Solving Basic Trigonometric Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of trigonometric equations
-Identify that trig equations have multiple solutions
-Solve simple equations like sin x = 0.5
-Find all solutions in given ranges

-Demonstrate using unit circle or graphs
-Show why sin x = 0.5 has multiple solutions
-Practice finding principal values
-Use graphs to identify all solutions in range

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Unit circle diagrams
-Trigonometric tables
-Calculators
-Solution worksheets

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 109-112

Trigonometry III

Quadratic Trigonometric Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve equations like sin²x - sin x = 0
-Apply factoring techniques to trigonometric equations
-Use substitution methods for complex equations
-Find all solutions systematically

-Demonstrate substitution method (let y = sin x)
-Factor quadratic expressions in trigonometry
-Solve resulting quadratic equations
-Back-substitute to find angle solutions

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Factoring techniques
-Substitution examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 109-112

Trigonometry III

Equations Involving Multiple Angles
Using Graphs to Solve Trigonometric Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve equations like sin(2x) = 0.5
-Handle double and triple angle cases
-Find solutions for compound angle equations
-Apply to periodic motion problems

-Work through sin(2x) = 0.5 systematically
-Show relationship between 2x solutions and x solutions
-Practice with cos(3x) and tan(x/2) equations
-Apply to pendulum and rotation problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Multiple angle examples
-Real applications
-Rulers
-Graphing examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 109-112

Trigonometry III

Trigonometric Equations with Identities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Use trigonometric identities to solve equations
-Apply sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 in equation solving
-Convert between different trigonometric functions
-Solve equations using multiple identities

-Solve equations using fundamental identity
-Convert tan equations to sin/cos form
-Practice identity-based equation solving
-Work through complex multi-step problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Identity reference sheets
-Complex examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 109-112

Differentiation

Introduction to Rate of Change
Average Rate of Change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of rate of change in daily life
-Distinguish between average and instantaneous rates
-Identify examples of changing quantities
-Connect rate of change to gradient concepts

-Discuss speed as rate of change of distance
-Examine population growth rates
-Analyze temperature change throughout the day
-Connect to gradients of lines from coordinate geometry

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Real-world examples
-Graph examples
-Calculators
-Graph paper

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 177-182

Differentiation

Instantaneous Rate of Change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of instantaneous rate
-Recognize instantaneous rate as limit of average rates
-Connect to tangent line gradients
-Apply to real-world motion problems

-Demonstrate instantaneous speed using car speedometer
-Show limiting process using smaller intervals
-Connect to tangent line slopes on curves
-Practice with motion and growth examples

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Tangent demonstrations
-Motion examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 177-182

Differentiation

Gradient of Curves at Points
Introduction to Delta Notation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find gradient of curve at specific points
-Use tangent line method for gradient estimation
-Apply limiting process to find exact gradients
-Practice with various curve types

-Draw tangent lines to curves on manila paper
-Estimate gradients using tangent slopes
-Use the limiting approach with chord sequences
-Practice with parabolas and other curves

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Rulers
-Curve examples
-Delta notation examples
-Symbol practice

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 178-182

Differentiation

The Limiting Process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand concept of limit in differentiation
-Apply "as Δx approaches zero" reasoning
-Use limiting process to find exact derivatives
-Practice systematic limiting calculations

-Demonstrate limiting process with numerical examples
-Show chord approaching tangent as Δx → 0
-Calculate limits using table of values
-Practice systematic limit evaluation

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Limit tables
-Systematic examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 182-184

Differentiation

Introduction to Derivatives
Derivative of Linear Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define derivative as limit of rate of change
-Use dy/dx notation for derivatives
-Understand derivative as gradient function
-Connect derivatives to tangent line slopes

-Introduce derivative notation dy/dx
-Show derivative as gradient of tangent
-Practice derivative concept with simple functions
-Connect to previous gradient work

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Derivative notation
-Function examples
-Linear function examples
-Verification methods

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 182-184

Differentiation

Derivative of y = x^n (Basic Powers)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find derivatives of power functions
-Apply the rule d/dx(x^n) = nx^(n-1)
-Practice with x², x³, x⁴, etc.
-Verify using first principles for simple cases

-Derive d/dx(x²) = 2x using first principles
-Apply power rule to various functions
-Practice with x³, x⁴, x⁵ examples
-Verify selected results using definition

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Power rule examples
-First principles verification

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 184-188

Differentiation

Derivative of Constant Functions
Derivative of Coefficient Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that derivative of constant is zero
-Apply to functions like y = 5, y = -3
-Explain geometric meaning of zero derivative
-Combine with other differentiation rules

-Show that horizontal lines have zero gradient
-Find derivatives of constant functions
-Explain why rate of change of constant is zero
-Apply to mixed functions with constants

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Constant function graphs
-Geometric explanations
-Coefficient examples
-Rule combinations

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 184-188

Differentiation

Derivative of Polynomial Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find derivatives of polynomial functions
-Apply term-by-term differentiation
-Practice with various polynomial degrees
-Verify results using first principles

-Differentiate y = x³ + 2x² - 5x + 7
-Apply rule to each term separately
-Practice with various polynomial types
-Check results using definition for simple cases

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Polynomial examples
-Term-by-term method

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 184-188

Differentiation

Applications to Tangent Lines
Applications to Normal Lines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Find equations of tangent lines to curves
-Use derivatives to find tangent gradients
-Apply point-slope form for tangent equations
-Solve problems involving tangent lines

-Find tangent to y = x² at point (2, 4)
-Use derivative to get gradient at specific point
-Apply y - y₁ = m(x - x₁) formula
-Practice with various curves and points

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Tangent line examples
-Point-slope applications
-Normal line examples
-Perpendicular concepts

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 187-189

Differentiation

Introduction to Stationary Points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define stationary points as points where dy/dx = 0
-Identify different types of stationary points
-Understand geometric meaning of zero gradient
-Find stationary points by solving dy/dx = 0

-Show horizontal tangents at stationary points
-Find stationary points of y = x² - 4x + 3
-Identify maximum, minimum, and inflection points
-Practice finding where dy/dx = 0

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Curve sketches
-Stationary point examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 189-195

Differentiation

Types of Stationary Points
Finding and Classifying Stationary Points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Distinguish between maximum and minimum points
-Identify points of inflection
-Use first derivative test for classification
-Apply gradient analysis around stationary points

-Analyze gradient changes around stationary points
-Use sign analysis of dy/dx
-Classify stationary points by gradient behavior
-Practice with various function types

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Sign analysis charts
-Classification examples
-Systematic templates
-Complete examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 189-195

Differentiation

Curve Sketching Using Derivatives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Use derivatives to sketch accurate curves
-Identify key features: intercepts, stationary points
-Apply systematic curve sketching method
-Combine algebraic and graphical analysis

-Sketch y = x³ - 3x² + 2 using derivatives
-Find intercepts, stationary points, and behavior
-Use systematic curve sketching approach
-Verify sketches using derivative information

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Curve sketching templates
-Systematic method

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 195-197

Differentiation

Introduction to Kinematics Applications
Acceleration as Second Derivative

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply derivatives to displacement-time relationships
-Understand velocity as first derivative of displacement
-Find velocity functions from displacement functions
-Apply to motion problems

-Find velocity from s = t³ - 2t² + 5t
-Apply v = ds/dt to motion problems
-Practice with various displacement functions
-Connect to real-world motion scenarios

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Motion examples
-Kinematics applications
-Second derivative examples
-Motion analysis

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 197-201

Differentiation

Motion Problems and Applications
Introduction to Optimization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Solve complete motion analysis problems
-Find displacement, velocity, acceleration relationships
-Apply to real-world motion scenarios
-Use derivatives for motion optimization

-Analyze complete motion of falling object
-Find when particle changes direction
-Calculate maximum height in projectile motion
-Apply to vehicle motion problems

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Complete motion examples
-Real scenarios
-Optimization examples
-Real applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 197-201

Differentiation

Geometric Optimization Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply calculus to geometric optimization
-Find maximum areas and minimum perimeters
-Use derivatives for shape optimization
-Apply to construction and design problems

-Find dimensions for maximum area enclosure
-Optimize container volumes and surface areas
-Apply to architectural design problems
-Practice with various geometric constraints

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Geometric examples
-Design applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 201-204

Differentiation

Business and Economic Applications
Advanced Optimization Problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply derivatives to profit and cost functions
-Find marginal cost and marginal revenue
-Use calculus for business optimization
-Apply to Kenyan business scenarios

-Find maximum profit using calculus
-Calculate marginal cost and revenue
-Apply to agricultural and manufacturing examples
-Use derivatives for business decision-making

Exercise books
-Manila paper
-Business examples
-Economic applications
-Complex examples
-Engineering applications

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 201-204

Matrices and Transformations

Transformation on a Cartesian plane
Basic Transformation Matrices
Identification of transformation matrix

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define transformation in mathematics
-Identify different types of transformations
-Plot objects and their images on Cartesian plane
-Relate transformation to movement of objects

-Q/A on coordinate geometry review
-Drawing objects and their images on Cartesian plane
-Practical demonstration of moving objects (reflection, rotation)
-Practice identifying transformations from diagrams
-Class discussion on real-life transformations

Square boards
-Peg boards
-Graph papers
-Mirrors
-Rulers
-Protractors
-Calculators
Graph papers
-Exercise books
-Matrix examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 1-6

Matrices and Transformations

Two Successive Transformations
Complex Successive Transformations
Single matrix of transformation for successive transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply two transformations in sequence
-Understand that order of transformations matters
-Find final image after two transformations
-Compare results of different orders

-Physical demonstration of successive transformations
-Step-by-step working showing AB ≠ BA
-Drawing intermediate and final images
-Practice with reflection followed by rotation
-Group work comparing different orders

Square boards
-Peg boards
-Graph papers
-Colored pencils
-Rulers
-Calculators
Calculators
-Matrix multiplication charts
-Exercise books

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 15-17

Matrices and Transformations

Matrix Multiplication Properties
Identity Matrix and Transformation
Inverse of a matrix

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Understand that matrix multiplication is not commutative (AB ≠ BA)
-Apply associative property: (AB)C = A(BC)
-Calculate products of 2×2 matrices accurately
-Solve problems involving multiple matrix operations

-Detailed demonstration showing AB ≠ BA with examples
-Practice calculations with various matrix pairs
-Associativity verification with three matrices
-Problem-solving session with complex matrix products
-Individual practice from textbook exercises

Calculators
-Exercise books
-Matrix worksheets
-Formula sheets
-Graph papers
-Matrix examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 21-24

Matrices and Transformations

Determinant and Area Scale Factor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Calculate determinant of 2×2 matrix
-Understand relationship between determinant and area scaling
-Apply formula: area scale factor =

det(matrix)

-Solve problems involving area changes under transformations

-Determinant calculation practice
-Demonstration using shapes with known areas
-Establishing that area scale factor =

Matrices and Transformations

Area scale factor and determinant relationship
Shear Transformation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Establish mathematical relationship between determinant and area scaling
-Explain why absolute value is needed
-Apply relationship in various transformation problems
-Understand orientation change when determinant is negative

-Mathematical proof of area scale factor relationship
-Examples with positive and negative determinants
-Discussion on orientation preservation/reversal
-Practice problems from textbook Ex 1.5
-Verification through direct area calculations

Calculators
-Graph papers
-Formula sheets
-Area calculation tools
Square boards
-Flexible materials
-Rulers
-Calculators

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 26-27

Matrices and Transformations
Integration

Stretch Transformation and Review
Introduction to Reverse Differentiation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define stretch transformation and its matrices
-Calculate effect of stretch on areas and lengths
-Compare and contrast shear and stretch
-Review all transformation types and their properties

-Demonstration using elastic materials
-Finding matrices for stretch in x and y directions
-Comparison table: isometric vs non-isometric transformations
-Comprehensive review of all transformation types
-Problem-solving session covering entire unit

Graph papers
-Elastic materials
-Calculators
-Comparison charts
-Review materials
-Differentiation charts
-Exercise books
-Function examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 28-38

Integration

Basic Integration Rules - Power Functions
Integration of Polynomial Functions
Finding Particular Solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Apply power rule for integration: ∫xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + c
-Understand the constant of integration and why it's necessary
-Integrate simple power functions where n ≠ -1
-Practice with positive, negative, and fractional powers

-Derivation of power rule through reverse differentiation
-Multiple examples with different values of n
-Explanation of arbitrary constant using family of curves
-Practice exercises with various power functions
-Common mistakes discussion and correction

Calculators
-Graph papers
-Power rule charts
-Exercise books
-Algebraic worksheets
-Polynomial examples
Graph papers
-Calculators
-Curve examples

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 223-225

Integration

Introduction to Definite Integrals
Evaluating Definite Integrals
Area Under Curves - Single Functions
Areas Below X-axis and Mixed Regions
Area Between Two Curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

-Define definite integrals using limit notation
-Understand the difference between definite and indefinite integrals
-Learn proper notation: ∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx
-Understand geometric meaning as area under curve

-Introduction to definite integral concept and notation
-Geometric interpretation using simple curves
-Comparison between ∫f(x)dx and ∫ₐᵇf(x)dx
-Discussion on limits of integration
-Basic examples with simple functions

Graph papers
-Geometric models
-Integration notation charts
-Calculators
Calculators
-Step-by-step worksheets
-Exercise books
-Evaluation charts
-Curve sketching tools
-Colored pencils
-Area grids
-Curve examples
-Colored materials
-Equation solving aids

KLB Secondary Mathematics Form 4, Pages 226-228