Refraction of Light

Introduction to Refraction and Basic Phenomena
Laws of Refraction and Snell's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define refraction of light
-Explain why light bends when passing from one medium to another
-Identify examples of refraction in daily life
-Distinguish between optically dense and optically rare media
-Describe the behavior of light at interfaces
State the two laws of refraction
-Define refractive index and state its symbol
-Apply Snell's law: sin i/sin r = constant
-Understand that incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in same plane
-Calculate refractive index from experimental data

Q/A on light behavior students observe daily
-Demonstration: stick in water appearing bent
-Demonstration: coin in beaker appearing raised
-Discussion on swimming pool appearing shallow
-Observation of refraction using glass block and pins
-Drawing ray diagrams showing refraction
-Safety precautions when handling glass
Review refraction phenomena through Q/A
-Experiment: investigating refraction through glass block
-Measuring angles of incidence and refraction
-Plotting graph of sin i against sin r
-Derivation and application of Snell's law
-Worked examples calculating refractive index
-Discussion on significance of constant ratio

Glass blocks
-Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Sticks/pencils
-Pins
-White paper
-Ray box (if available)
-Charts showing refraction examples
Glass blocks
-Pins
-Protractor
-Ruler
-White paper
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ray box
-Soft board
-Drawing pins

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 33-35
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 35-39

Refraction of Light

Absolute and Relative Refractive Index

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define absolute and relative refractive index
-Relate refractive index to speed of light in different media
-Apply the relationship n = c/v
-Calculate relative refractive index between two media
-Solve problems involving refractive indices

Q/A review on Snell's law and calculations
-Discussion on light speed in different media
-Derivation of n = c/v relationship
-Explanation of absolute vs relative refractive index
-Worked examples with multiple media
-Problem-solving session with real materials
-Group work on refractive index calculations

Calculator
-Charts showing refractive indices
-Worked examples
-Reference tables
-Graph paper
-Different transparent materials
-Speed of light reference chart

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 39-43

Refraction of Light

Real and Apparent Depth
Experimental Determination of Refractive Index

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why objects under water appear nearer than actual position
-Define real depth, apparent depth and vertical displacement
-Derive the relationship n = real depth/apparent depth
-Calculate apparent depth and vertical displacement
-Apply concepts to practical situations

Review refractive index through Q/A
-Demonstration: coin at bottom of beaker appears raised
-Experiment: measuring real and apparent depth
-Derivation of n = real depth/apparent depth
-Worked examples on swimming pools, tanks
-Practical: determining apparent depth using travelling microscope method
-Discussion on viewing angle effects

Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Rulers
-Pins
-Travelling microscope (if available)
-Glass blocks
-Colored chalk dust
-Calculator
-Measuring cylinders
Glass blocks
-Cork holders
-Beakers
-White paper
-Clamp and stand
-Graph paper
-Measuring tape

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 44-48

Refraction of Light

Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define critical angle
-State conditions for total internal reflection
-Derive relationship between critical angle and refractive index
-Calculate critical angle for different materials
-Explain total internal reflection using ray diagrams

Review experimental methods through Q/A
-Demonstration: increasing angle of incidence in glass-air interface
-Observation of critical angle and total internal reflection
-Derivation of sin c = 1/n relationship
-Worked examples calculating critical angles
-Investigation using semi-circular glass block
-Discussion on applications of total internal reflection

Semi-circular glass block
-Ray box
-White paper
-Protractor
-Pins
-Calculator
-Charts showing TIR
-Water
-Different transparent blocks

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 51-55

Refraction of Light

Applications of Total Internal Reflection - Optical Devices
Mirage and Atmospheric Refraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working of periscope using total internal reflection
-Describe use of prisms in optical instruments
-Understand principle of optical fibers
-Explain advantages of prisms over mirrors
-Analyze light paths in prism binoculars and pentaprism
Explain formation of mirage using refraction principles
-Describe atmospheric refraction effects
-Understand continuous refraction in varying density media
-Explain why sun appears above horizon after sunset
-Discuss polar mirages and their formation

Q/A review on critical angle and TIR
-Demonstration: 45° prisms turning light through 90° and 180°
-Construction of simple periscope model
-Explanation of optical fiber principle
-Discussion on prism binoculars and pentaprism
-Comparison of prisms vs mirrors advantages
-Practical: observing TIR in water-filled apparatus
Review TIR applications through Q/A
-Demonstration of refraction in liquids of different densities
-Explanation of hot air effects on light path
-Discussion on desert mirages and road mirages
-Atmospheric refraction effects on sun position
-Analysis of continuous refraction in varying media
-Drawing ray diagrams for mirage formation

45° prisms
-Periscope model
-Optical fiber samples
-Mirrors for comparison
-Ray box
-Water
-Transparent containers
-Charts showing optical instruments
-Binoculars (if available)
Liquids of different densities
-Transparent containers
-Heat source (safe)
-Charts showing mirage formation
-Diagrams of atmospheric refraction
-Pictures of mirages
-Ray diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 55-58
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 55-56

Refraction of Light

Dispersion of White Light
Recombination of Spectrum and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define dispersion of white light
-Explain why white light splits into colors
-Identify colors of visible spectrum in order
-Understand that different colors have different refractive indices
-Describe formation of rainbow

Q/A on atmospheric effects and TIR
-Experiment: dispersion using triangular prism
-Observation of spectrum formation
-Discussion on why different colors bend differently
-Explanation of rainbow formation
-Identification of ROYGBIV sequence
-Investigation of spectrum using CD/DVD

Triangular glass prism
-White light source
-Screen
-Ray box
-CD/DVD
-White paper
-Ruler
-Charts showing spectrum
-Pictures of rainbows
Second triangular prism
-Concave mirror
-Newton's disc
-Motor (for spinning disc)
-Calculator
-Past exam papers
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Review charts
-All previous apparatus for revision

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 58-60

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Sources of Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different sources of energy
-Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
-Classify energy sources into appropriate categories
-Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources
-Understand energy crisis and conservation needs

Q/A on energy experiences in daily life
-Discussion on various energy sources students know
-Classification activity: renewable vs non-renewable
-Group work on energy source advantages/disadvantages
-Presentation on local energy sources in Kenya
-Discussion on energy conservation importance

Charts showing energy sources
-Pictures of solar panels, wind mills
-Samples: coal, wood, batteries
-Energy source classification cards
-Local energy examples
-Conservation posters

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 93-95

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Forms of Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define different forms of energy
-Identify chemical, mechanical, heat, electrical, and wave energy
-Give examples of each form of energy
-Understand energy exists in various forms
-Relate forms of energy to daily experiences

Review energy sources through Q/A
-Introduction to different forms of energy
-Demonstration: chemical energy in battery, mechanical energy in moving objects
-Discussion on heat energy from friction
-Examples of electrical energy in appliances
-Identification of wave energy: light, sound

Battery and bulb
-Moving trolley
-Rubbing blocks for friction
-Electrical appliances
-Tuning fork
-Torch
-Energy forms charts
-Real objects showing energy forms

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 95-96

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Energy Transformation and Conservation
Work and its Calculation
Work with Variable Forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand energy transformations between different forms
-State the law of conservation of energy
-Identify transducers and their functions
-Apply conservation of energy to various situations
-Draw energy transformation diagrams
Calculate work done by variable forces
-Interpret force-distance graphs
-Find work done using area under graphs
-Understand positive and negative work
-Apply graphical methods to work calculations

Q/A on forms of energy
-Demonstration: energy transformations in hydroelectric power
-Examples of transducers: battery, dynamo, solar cell
-Statement and explanation of energy conservation law
-Drawing energy flow diagrams
-Discussion on energy losses and efficiency
Q/A review on work calculations
-Introduction to variable forces
-Plotting force-distance graphs
-Demonstration: stretching spring with varying force
-Calculation of areas under graphs
-Worked examples with triangular and trapezoidal areas

Dynamo
-Battery
-Solar cell (if available)
-Charts showing energy transformations
-Transducer examples
-Energy flow diagrams
-Hydroelectric model setup
Spring balance
-Masses
-Trolley
-Measuring tape
-Calculator
-Force and displacement demonstrations
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets
Graph paper
-Springs
-Force meter
-Ruler
-Calculator
-Force-distance graph examples
-Different shaped area examples
-Demonstration springs

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 96-97
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 99-100

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Gravitational Potential Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gravitational potential energy
-Derive P.E. = mgh
-Calculate potential energy at different heights
-Understand reference levels for potential energy
-Solve problems involving potential energy

Review variable force work through Q/A
-Demonstration: lifting objects to different heights
-Derivation of P.E. = mgh
-Discussion on choice of reference level
-Worked examples on potential energy calculations
-Problem-solving session with gravitational P.E.

Masses of different sizes
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Height measurement setup
-Worked examples
-Gravitational P.E. charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 100-102

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Kinetic Energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define kinetic energy
-Derive K.E. = ½mv²
-Calculate kinetic energy of moving objects
-Understand relationship between work and kinetic energy
-Apply work-energy theorem

Q/A on potential energy concepts
-Demonstration: moving trolleys at different speeds
-Derivation of K.E. = ½mv² using work-energy theorem
-Worked examples on kinetic energy calculations
-Discussion on work-energy theorem
-Problem-solving session on kinetic energy

Trolleys
-Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Kinetic energy demonstration setup
-Speed measurement apparatus
Simple pendulum setup
-Masses
-Pendulum energy charts
-Conservation examples
-String and bob

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 102-105

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Power and its Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define power as rate of doing work
-Calculate power using P = W/t and P = Fv
-State SI unit of power (Watt)
-Understand power ratings of appliances
-Solve problems involving power calculations

Q/A on energy conservation
-Definition of power with examples
-Derivation of P = W/t and P = Fv
-Discussion on power ratings of electrical appliances
-Worked examples on power calculations
-Investigation: measuring power of students climbing stairs

Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Electrical appliances for power ratings
-Stairs for practical work
-Power calculation charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 106-108

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Simple Machines - Introduction and Terminology
Levers - Types and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define machines and their purposes
-Understand load, effort, and fulcrum
-Define mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, and efficiency
-Calculate M.A., V.R., and efficiency
-Understand relationship between these quantities
Classify levers into three types
-Identify examples of each type of lever
-Apply principle of moments to levers
-Calculate forces in lever systems
-Understand applications of different lever types

Review power concepts through Q/A
-Introduction to machines and their uses
-Demonstration: simple lever showing load, effort, fulcrum
-Definition and calculation of M.A., V.R., and efficiency
-Worked examples on machine calculations
-Discussion on why efficiency is always less than 100%
Q/A on machine terminology
-Classification of levers: Class I, II, and III
-Demonstration: examples of each lever type
-Application of principle of moments
-Worked examples on lever calculations
-Identification of levers in daily life tools

Simple lever setup
-Masses for loads
-Spring balance
-Ruler
-Calculator
-Machine terminology charts
-Efficiency calculation examples
Various lever examples
-Rulers
-Masses
-Spring balance
-Fulcrum supports
-Lever classification charts
-Daily life lever examples
-Calculator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 108-112
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 112-114

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Pulleys - Fixed and Movable
Inclined Planes and Screws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand operation of fixed and movable pulleys
-Calculate M.A. and V.R. for different pulley systems
-Analyze block and tackle arrangements
-Solve problems involving pulley systems
-Understand advantages of pulley systems

Review lever types through Q/A
-Demonstration: fixed pulley operation
-Demonstration: single movable pulley
-Analysis of block and tackle systems
-Calculation of M.A. and V.R. for different arrangements
-Problem-solving on pulley systems

Pulley blocks
-String
-Masses
-Spring balance
-Pulley arrangements
-Block and tackle setup
-Calculator
-Pulley system diagrams
Inclined plane setup
-Trolley or wooden block
-Measuring tape
-Protractor
-Screw examples
-Various inclined plane models

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 115-120

Current Electricity (II)

Electric Current and Measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric current and state its SI unit
-Understand conventional current flow
-Use ammeters correctly to measure current
-Read ammeter scales accurately
-Understand current as rate of flow of charge

Q/A review on basic electricity from Form 2
-Definition of electric current and conventional flow
-Demonstration: proper ammeter connection in series
-Practice reading different ammeter scales
-Discussion on digital vs analogue meters
-Safety precautions when using electrical equipment

Ammeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Connecting wires
-Bulbs
-Switches
-Ammeter scale charts
-Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-130

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Current Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate current in series circuits
-Investigate current in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's current law
-Understand current division in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving current distribution

Review ammeter usage through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring current in series circuit
-Experiment: measuring current in parallel circuit
-Analysis of current readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's current law
-Problem-solving on current distribution

Multiple ammeters
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Current distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Potential Difference and Voltage Measurement
Series and Parallel Circuits - Voltage Distribution
Ohm's Law - Investigation and Verification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define potential difference in terms of work done
-State the SI unit of potential difference
-Use voltmeters correctly to measure voltage
-Understand voltage measurement across components
-Read voltmeter scales accurately
State Ohm's law
-Investigate relationship between voltage and current
-Plot V-I graphs for ohmic conductors
-Verify Ohm's law experimentally
-Understand conditions for Ohm's law validity

Q/A on current distribution
-Definition of potential difference and work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: proper voltmeter connection in parallel
-Practice measuring voltage across different components
-Comparison of voltmeter and ammeter connections
-Safety considerations in voltage measurement
Q/A on voltage distribution
-Experiment: varying voltage and measuring current through resistor
-Data collection and table completion
-Plotting V-I graph and analyzing slope
-Statement and verification of Ohm's law
-Discussion on temperature and other conditions

Voltmeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Resistors
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Switches
-Voltmeter scale charts
-Work and charge demonstration materials
Multiple voltmeters
-Various resistors
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Voltage distribution worksheets
Rheostat
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Resistor coils
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ruler

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-129
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Electrical Resistance and Ohm's Law Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrical resistance and its SI unit
-Apply Ohm's law to calculate V, I, and R
-Understand the relationship R = V/I
-Solve problems using Ohm's law
-Convert between different units of resistance

Review Ohm's law investigation through Q/A
-Definition of electrical resistance as V/I ratio
-Worked examples applying Ohm's law triangle
-Unit conversions: Ω, kΩ, MΩ
-Problem-solving session on Ohm's law calculations
-Discussion on factors affecting resistance

Calculator
-Ohm's law triangle charts
-Resistor color code charts
-Various resistors
-Multimeter
-Problem worksheets
-Unit conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors
Types of Resistors and Their Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
-Investigate V-I characteristics of different materials
-Understand why some materials don't obey Ohm's law
-Analyze V-I graphs for various conductors
-Identify practical applications of non-ohmic conductors

Q/A on Ohm's law applications
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of filament bulb
-Experiment: V-I characteristics of diode
-Comparison of different V-I graph shapes
-Discussion on temperature effects on resistance
-Applications of non-ohmic conductors

Filament bulbs
-Diodes
-Thermistors
-LDR
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Rheostat
-Graph paper
-Various conductors for testing
Various resistor types
-Color code charts
-Potentiometer
-Thermistor
-Multimeter
-Circuit boards
-Application examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 134-135

Current Electricity (II)

Measurement of Resistance - Voltmeter-Ammeter Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe voltmeter-ammeter method
-Set up circuits for resistance measurement
-Calculate resistance from V and I readings
-Understand limitations of the method
-Analyze experimental errors

Q/A on resistor types
-Setup of voltmeter-ammeter circuit
-Measurement of voltage and current for unknown resistor
-Calculation of resistance using R = V/I
-Discussion on measurement errors and accuracy
-Comparison with multimeter readings

Unknown resistors
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Rheostat
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Calculator
-Multimeter for comparison

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 140-142

Current Electricity (II)

Wheatstone Bridge Method
Resistors in Series - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Understand the principle of Wheatstone bridge
-Set up Wheatstone bridge circuit
-Balance the bridge for resistance measurement
-Calculate unknown resistance using bridge equation
-Appreciate accuracy of Wheatstone bridge method
Derive formula for resistors in series
-Calculate total resistance for series combination
-Understand current and voltage in series circuits
-Solve problems involving series resistors
-Apply series resistance in circuit analysis

Review voltmeter-ammeter method through Q/A
-Introduction to Wheatstone bridge principle
-Demonstration of bridge balance condition
-Setup and operation of Wheatstone bridge
-Calculation using R₁/R₂ = R₃/R₄
-Comparison of accuracy with other methods
Q/A on resistance measurement methods
-Derivation of Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of series combination
-Analysis of current (same) and voltage (divided) in series
-Worked examples on series resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Wheatstone bridge apparatus
-Galvanometer
-Known resistors
-Unknown resistors
-Connecting wires
-Battery
-Calculator
-Bridge equation charts
Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Series circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 142-144
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 144-147

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Parallel - Theory and Calculations
Mixed Circuits - Series-Parallel Combinations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in parallel
-Calculate total resistance for parallel combination
-Understand current and voltage in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving parallel resistors
-Apply parallel resistance in circuit analysis

Review series resistance through Q/A
-Derivation of 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of parallel combination
-Analysis of voltage (same) and current (divided) in parallel
-Worked examples on parallel resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Parallel circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets
Various resistors
-Complex circuit diagrams
-Step-by-step analysis charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 147-150

Current Electricity (II)

Electromotive Force (EMF) and Terminal Voltage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromotive force (EMF)
-Distinguish between EMF and terminal voltage
-Understand the concept of lost voltage
-Relate EMF to work done by the cell
-Measure EMF using high resistance voltmeter

Review mixed circuits through Q/A
-Definition of EMF as work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: measuring EMF with open circuit
-Comparison of EMF and terminal voltage under load
-Discussion on energy conversion in cells
-Measurement techniques for EMF

High resistance voltmeter
-Various cells
-Switches
-Resistors
-Connecting wires
-EMF measurement setup
-Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-152

Current Electricity (II)

Internal Resistance of Cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define internal resistance
-Understand the relationship E = V + Ir
-Calculate internal resistance experimentally
-Understand factors affecting internal resistance
-Apply internal resistance in circuit calculations

Q/A on EMF concepts
-Introduction to internal resistance concept
-Derivation of E = V + Ir relationship
-Experiment: measuring internal resistance using different loads
-Plotting E vs R graph to find internal resistance
-Discussion on factors affecting internal resistance

Various cells
-Resistors of different values
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Connecting wires
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Internal resistance apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)
Waves II

Cells in Series and Parallel
Advanced Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving
Properties of waves
Reflection of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze cells connected in series
-Analyze cells connected in parallel
-Calculate total EMF and internal resistance
-Understand advantages of different connections
-Solve problems involving cell combinations
Define wavelength, frequency, amplitude and wavefront
- Explain rectilinear propagation of waves
- Describe wave production in ripple tank
- Calculate wave speed using v=fλ

Review internal resistance through Q/A
-Analysis of identical cells in series connection
-Analysis of identical cells in parallel connection
-Calculation of equivalent EMF and internal resistance
-Discussion on practical applications and advantages
-Problem-solving on cell combinations
Q/A on wave basics from Form 2
- Demonstration of wave production using ripple tank
- Observation of rectilinear propagation
- Calculations on wave speed

Multiple identical cells
-Connecting wires
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Resistors
-Calculator
-Cell combination diagrams
-Problem worksheets
Complex circuit examples
-Circuit analysis worksheets
-Multiple EMF sources
-Various resistors
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Kirchhoff's law charts
Ripple tank, Straight vibrator, Water, Rulers, Stroboscope, Charts on wave properties
Ripple tank, Plane wave generator, Curved and straight reflectors, Graph paper, Pencils

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 152-153
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 156-158

Waves II

Refraction of waves
Diffraction of waves
Interference patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe refraction when waves change medium
- Explain change in wavelength and speed
- Demonstrate refraction using shallow and deep regions
- State that frequency remains constant

Q/A on refraction basics
- Experiment using glass plate to create shallow region
- Observation of wavefront spacing changes
- Discussion on speed and wavelength changes

Ripple tank, Glass plates, Water, Rulers for measurement, Frequency generator
Ripple tank, Barriers with gaps, Various gap sizes, Measuring instruments, Wave generator
Two-point sources, Graph paper, Compass, Rulers, Ripple tank setup, Audio frequency generator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 161-163

Waves II

Constructive and destructive interference
Stationary waves formation
Modes of vibration in strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference
- Explain conditions for each type
- Demonstrate using sound waves
- Calculate amplitudes in interference

Experiment with two loudspeakers
- Observation of loud and quiet regions
- Mathematical analysis of amplitude addition
- Problem solving on wave interference

Two loudspeakers, Audio generator, Microphone, Sound level meter, Connecting wires
Tuning fork, String, Pulley, Weights, Stroboscope, Measuring tape, Retort stands
Sonometer, Tuning forks, Weights, Measuring instruments, Calculator, Formula charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 167-169

Waves II

Vibrating air columns - closed pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain stationary waves in closed pipes
- Derive fundamental frequency formula
- Calculate overtone frequencies
- Demonstrate resonance in pipes

Experiment with closed pipe resonance
- Observation of resonance positions
- Calculation of frequency relationships
- End correction discussions

Closed pipes of various lengths, Tuning forks, Water, Measuring cylinders, Resonance tubes

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 172-174

Waves II
Electrostatics II
Electrostatics II

Vibrating air columns - open pipes
Electric field patterns and charge distribution
Lightning arrestor and capacitance introduction
Factors affecting capacitance and types of capacitors
Capacitors in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare open and closed pipe resonance
- Derive frequency formulas for open pipes
- Explain harmonic series differences
- Solve numerical problems
Investigate effect of plate separation, area and dielectric on capacitance
- Derive capacitance formula C = εA/d
- Describe paper, electrolytic and variable capacitors
- Explain construction principles

Experiment with open pipe resonance
- Comparison with closed pipe results
- Mathematical problem solving
- Summary of all wave phenomena
Experiment varying plate separation and area
- Investigation using different dielectric materials
- Mathematical derivation of capacitance formula
- Examination of different capacitor types and their construction

Open pipes, Tuning forks, Sound level meters, Calculators, Summary charts, Past papers
High voltage source, Wire electrodes, Petri-dish, Castor oil, Chalk dust, Spherical and pear-shaped conductors, Proof-plane, Gold-leaf electroscope
Wind-mill model, Point charges, Lightning arrestor photos, Parallel-plate capacitors, Battery, Voltmeter, Milliammeter
Aluminium plates, Various dielectric materials, Electroscope, Paper capacitors, Electrolytic capacitors, Variable air capacitors, Measuring instruments
Capacitors of different values, Voltmeters, Ammeters, Battery, Connecting wires, Calculators, Circuit boards

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 174-176
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 185-188

Electrostatics II

Energy stored in capacitors
Complex capacitor problems
Applications of capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for energy stored E = ½CV²
- Explain energy storage mechanism
- Calculate energy in charged capacitors
- Investigate energy conservation in capacitor combinations

Mathematical derivation of energy storage formula
- Discussion on energy storage principles
- Problem solving on energy calculations
- Analysis of energy conservation in series and parallel combinations

Charged capacitors, Energy calculation worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Safety equipment
Complex circuit diagrams, Advanced problem worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Past examination papers
Circuit diagrams, Smoothing circuit demo, Radio tuning circuits, Camera flash unit, Revision charts, Past examination papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 191-192

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Introduction to heating effect
Factors affecting heat produced - current and time
Factors affecting heat produced - resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define heating effect of electric current
- Explain mechanism of heat production in conductors
- Investigate effect of current on resistance wire
- Observe temperature changes in conductors

Q/A on electric current from previous units
- Experiment investigating effect of current on coil temperature
- Observation of heating in different parts of circuit
- Discussion on electron collision mechanism

Battery, Resistance wire coils, Ammeter, Variable resistor, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Connecting wires
Resistance coils, Variable resistor, Ammeter, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Graph paper, Different current values
Coils of different resistance, Ammeter, Thermometer, Measuring instruments, Stopwatch, Calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 195-197

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Joule's law and electrical energy
Electrical power and energy calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Joule's law of heating
- Derive H = I²Rt = VIt = V²t/R
- Calculate electrical energy and power
- Solve numerical problems on heating calculations

Discussion on Joule's heating law
- Mathematical derivations of heating formulas
- Problem solving on energy calculations
- Practical applications of heating law

Formula charts, Calculators, Problem worksheets, Electrical devices for analysis
Calculators, Unit conversion charts, Household appliance ratings, Electricity bills, Problem sets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 200-201

Heating Effect of Electric Current
Heating Effect of Electric Current
Gas Laws

Applications - electrical lighting and heating devices
Electrical safety - fuses and circuit protection
Efficiency calculations and motor problems
Series and parallel heating circuits
Introduction to gas behavior and Boyle's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe working of filament lamp
- Explain choice of tungsten for filaments
- Describe working of electric iron, kettle and heaters
- Compare energy saving bulbs
Analyze heating in series and parallel circuits
- Calculate power dissipation in different configurations
- Compare heating effects in different circuit arrangements
- Solve complex circuit problems

Discussion on filament lamp construction
- Analysis of heating device designs
- Examination of actual heating appliances
- Efficiency comparisons
Circuit analysis of heating effects
- Comparison of series vs parallel heating
- Power distribution calculations
- Complex circuit problem solving

Filament lamps, Electric iron, Electric kettle, Heating elements, Energy saving bulbs, Appliance diagrams
Various fuses, Fuse holders, Circuit diagrams, Safety equipment demonstrations, Rating calculations
Motor specifications, Efficiency calculation worksheets, Power meters, Mechanical loading systems
Resistors in circuits, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Power calculation sheets, Circuit boards
Syringes, J-shaped tubes, Oil, Bourdon gauge, Foot pump, Metre rule, Graph paper

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 202-203
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 200-204

Gas Laws

Boyle's Law experiments and calculations
Boyle's Law applications and kinetic theory explanation
Charles's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform experiment to verify Boyle's Law
- Record pressure and volume data
- Plot graphs of P vs V, P vs 1/V, and PV vs P
- Calculate pressure-volume products and verify constant relationship

Experiment using J-shaped tube with oil and pressure measurement
- Data collection and tabulation
- Graph plotting and analysis
- Verification of PV = constant relationship

Thick-walled J-shaped tube, Oil, Pressure gauge, Measuring instruments, Data tables, Graph paper, Calculators
Problem worksheets, Kinetic theory diagrams, Calculator, Gas bubble scenarios, Atmospheric pressure data
Gas tubes, Water baths, Thermometers, Measuring cylinders, Heating apparatus, Graph paper, Temperature control equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 235-238

Gas Laws

Charles's Law applications and absolute temperature scale
Pressure Law (Gay-Lussac's Law)
Combined gas laws and ideal gas behavior

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply Charles's Law in numerical problems
- Convert between Celsius and Kelvin scales
- Explain concept of absolute zero
- Solve problems using V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂

Problem solving with Charles's Law formula
- Temperature scale conversions
- Mathematical analysis of absolute zero
- Real-world applications in hot air balloons and gas heating

Temperature conversion charts, Problem sets, Calculators, Hot air balloon examples, Gas heating scenarios
Constant volume gas apparatus, Pressure gauges, Temperature control, Water baths, Thermometers, Graph materials
Combined law worksheets, Complex problem sets, Calculators, Ideal gas assumption charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 241-243

Gas Laws

Kinetic theory of gases
Absolute zero and temperature scales
Comprehensive applications and problem solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State basic assumptions of kinetic theory
- Explain gas laws using molecular motion
- Relate temperature to average kinetic energy
- Analyze molecular behavior in different conditions

Discussion of kinetic theory postulates
- Molecular explanation of gas laws
- Mathematical relationship between temperature and kinetic energy
- Analysis of molecular motion at different temperatures

Kinetic theory diagrams, Molecular motion animations, Temperature-energy relationship charts, Theoretical discussion materials
Graph paper, Extrapolation exercises, Temperature scale diagrams, Conversion worksheets, Scientific calculators
Past examination papers, Multi-step problem sets, Real-world scenario worksheets, Summary charts, Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 244-245