LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Composition of an egg
Incubation of eggs - Selection characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify parts of an egg. Describe the parts of an egg. Explain the functions of each part of an egg.

Drawing and labeling an egg diagram. Breaking an egg to examine its internal structure. Detailed discussion on each part's function. Group work comparing different egg types. Practical examination of shell thickness and porosity.

Eggs, Chart showing parts of an egg, Drawing materials, Magnifying glass, Rulers for measurement
Eggs of various conditions, Weighing scale, Measuring tools, Record sheets, Selection criteria charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 1-2

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Egg candling
Natural incubation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe candling of eggs. Explain the procedure of candling. Identify abnormalities through candling. Observe internal structure of eggs through candling.

Practical activity - candling eggs using different light sources. Observing internal structure of eggs in dark room. Making deductions from candling observations. Recording abnormalities found. Discussion on candling at different stages of incubation.

Cardboard boxes, Torch, Electric bulb, Candles, Dark room setup, Observation sheets
Nesting box, Nesting materials (dry grass, sawdust), Debe containers, Sample nest setups, Broody hen management guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 4

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Artificial incubation - Conditions
Management of an incubator
Sources of chicks and brooding introduction
Artificial brooding - Requirements and preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline conditions necessary for artificial incubation. Explain temperature control requirements (37.5°C to 39.4°C). Describe ventilation and humidity control. Discuss egg turning procedures.
Identify reputable sources of day-old chicks in Kenya. List factors to consider when sourcing chicks. Define the term brooding. Explain the importance of proper brooding.

Exposition of incubator operation principles. Practical demonstration of temperature monitoring and control. Setting up ventilation systems for proper air circulation. Hands-on humidity control using water trays and damp cloths. Demonstration of proper egg turning at 45° angles.
Research activity on chick suppliers (Muguku, Lake Chicks, Kenchick, Stockplan, Sigma). Group presentations on sourcing factors (reputation, time, breed, size, health). Discussion on brooding as critical period in poultry management. Problem-solving chick sourcing challenges. Creating sourcing checklist for farmers.

Artificial incubator model, Thermometer, Water trays, Ventilation materials, Damp cloths, Eggs for turning
Incubator, Disinfectants, Cleaning materials, Management record sheets, Timer, Cost comparison charts
List of chick suppliers in Kenya, Transport cost charts, Chick quality assessment guides, Presentation materials
Artificial brooder, Heat sources (electric bulbs, charcoal burner), Wire guards, Thermometer, Newspapers, Litter materials, Feeders, Waterers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 7-8
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 6-7

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Brooder management and chick care

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline management practices of a brooder. Describe feeding program for chicks (chick mash 20-22% D.C.P.). Explain vaccination schedule and health management. Monitor chick behavior for temperature assessment.

Exposition and explanations of daily management practices. Practical demonstration of chick feeding procedures and feed calculations. Setting up vaccination schedules (Gumboro-2 weeks, Newcastle-3-4 weeks, Fowl typhoid-7 weeks). Observing chick behavior patterns for temperature regulation. Hands-on temperature adjustment based on chick distribution. Record keeping for brooder management.

Chick mash samples, Feeders, Waterers, Vaccination charts, Behavior observation sheets, Feed calculation worksheets, Thermometer

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 8-10

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Rearing of growers, layers and broilers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss rearing of growers, layers and broilers. Compare feeding requirements for different bird categories. Calculate feed consumption and space requirements. Plan transition from brooder to grower stage.

Exposition and probing questions on different rearing stages. Discussion on grower mash (16-17% D.C.P.) vs layer mash (14-16% D.C.P.) vs broiler feeds. Practical calculation of daily feed requirements (120g per layer). Problem-solving feeding program transitions. Creating management schedules for different bird categories. Space calculation exercises.

Feed samples (grower, layer, broiler mash), Calculators, Rearing comparison charts, Feed calculation worksheets, Space requirement guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 10-12

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Free range rearing system
Fold system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered when choosing a rearing system. Identify requirements for free-range system. State merits and demerits of free range system. Calculate stocking density (not exceeding 1000 birds per hectare).
Describe fold system. State merits and demerits of fold systems. Design fold specifications (3.5m long, 1.5m wide, 1.5m high). Calculate number of birds per fold (10-15 hens per fold).

Q/A on system selection factors (land, topography, labor, capital, security, market, knowledge). Discussion on free range requirements - land size, fencing, runs, movable houses. Practical calculation of land needs (100 birds need 0.4 hectare). Cost-benefit analysis comparing with other systems. Problem-solving free range management challenges.
Q/A and discussion on fold system principles and portability. Practical measurement and design of fold dimensions. Drawing scaled fold designs with roofed and open sections. Calculation exercises for fold numbers needed for given flock size. Discussion on daily movement requirements and labor implications. Problem-solving fold construction and management issues.

Free range system charts, Measuring tape, Calculators, Fencing materials samples, Land calculation worksheets, Cost comparison sheets
Fold design materials, Wire mesh samples, Measuring tools, Construction planning sheets, Calculators, Model building materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 12-15
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 15-16

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Deep litter system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for deep litter system. State merits and demerits of deep litter systems. Calculate space requirements (1 sq m per 2-3 birds). Plan litter management and house specifications.

Q/A and discussion on deep litter system requirements. Practical demonstration of litter preparation (15-30cm deep) using sawdust, wood shavings. Calculation of space allocation and bird density. Design of house layout with proper ventilation (60-90cm opening above ground). Problem-solving litter management challenges including moisture control and turning.

Deep litter materials (sawdust, wood shavings, crushed maize cobs), House design materials, Calculators, Ventilation planning guides, Moisture control charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 16-18

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Battery cage system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for battery cage system. Calculate cage specifications and arrangements. Compare battery system with other systems. Design cage layout with proper spacing (0.2 square meter per bird).

Q/A and discussion on battery cage principles and intensive management. Practical measurement and design of cage dimensions (45cm wide, 45cm high, 57.5cm deep). Calculation exercises for tier arrangements (3-6 tiers) and bird capacity. Drawing scaled cage arrangements with feeding and watering systems. Cost analysis comparing initial investment with returns. Problem-solving cage management and mechanization issues.

Battery cage models, Wire mesh samples, Measuring equipment, Calculators, Cage design worksheets, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 18-19

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Factors affecting egg production - Stress
Vices in poultry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State causes of stress in birds. Outline stress management practices. Identify effects of stress on egg production. Plan stress reduction strategies for poultry farms.
Identify causes of vices such as egg eating and cannibalism. Explain measures taken to control vices. Demonstrate debeaking procedures. Plan vice prevention programs.

Discussion on stress causes (sudden changes, strangers, handling, noise, weather, diseases, lack of feed/water). Practical identification of stress symptoms in birds. Problem-solving stress management scenarios. Group work on creating stress-free environments. Planning daily routines to minimize stress. Development of emergency procedures for stress situations.
Discussion on causes and control of egg eating (broken eggs, bright lights, idleness, inadequate nests, mineral deficiency). Analysis of cannibalism causes (parasites, overcrowding, bright light, prolapse, mineral deficiency, new birds). Demonstration of debeaking procedures using models. Problem-solving vice prevention strategies. Creating management plans to eliminate vice-causing conditions.

Stress identification charts, Case study materials, Management planning sheets, Emergency procedure guides, Poultry behavior observation sheets
Charts showing poultry vices and symptoms, Debeaking equipment models, Vice prevention planning sheets, Case study examples, Control measure guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 19-20
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 20-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Culling birds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term culling. Give reasons for culling of birds. Identify characteristics of good and poor layers. Demonstrate proper culling procedures and record keeping.

Brain storming on culling importance and economic benefits. Practical observation and identification of characteristics of good layers vs poor layers. Discussion on culling criteria (production records, physical examination, behavior). Record keeping for culling decisions and flock improvement. Problem-solving culling schedules and replacement planning. Cost-benefit analysis of culling programs.

Live birds for observation (if available), Culling record sheets, Production record examples, Culling criteria charts, Cost-benefit calculation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Marketing eggs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered in sorting and grading eggs for fresh markets. Explain egg packing procedures with broad end upward. Calculate marketing costs, profits and pricing strategies.

Teacher's demonstrations on egg sorting by cleanliness, size (small, medium, large), and candling quality. Practical exercise in egg classification and grading. Hands-on egg packing using proper techniques (30 eggs per tray, 10 trays per box). Discussion on marketing channels and pricing strategies. Cost-benefit calculations including transport and packaging costs. Problem-solving marketing challenges and seasonal price variations.

Eggs of various sizes and quality, Egg trays (30-egg capacity), Egg boxes, Grading equipment, Calculators, Market price analysis sheets, Packaging cost worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-23

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Processing chicken meat
Raising of the young stock - Colostrum
Methods of calf rearing
Weaning of calves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of killing a bird (neck dislocation, sharp knife). Describe dressing of a bird's carcass. Explain proper slaughtering procedures with 12-hour starvation. Demonstrate packaging for market sale.
State merits and demerits of natural and artificial methods of calf rearing. Demonstrate bucket feeding training procedures.

Topic review and teacher's demonstrations of humane killing methods. Practical demonstration of neck dislocation and knife cutting techniques using models. Step-by-step carcass dressing procedures (plucking, singeing, removing neck and crop, organ removal). Discussion on food safety, hygiene standards, and packaging in polythene bags. Problem-solving processing challenges and quality control. Cost calculation for processing operations and profit margins.
Q/A comparing natural vs artificial calf rearing methods. Practical demonstration of bucket feeding training procedure. Cost-benefit analysis and problem-solving for method selection.

Demonstration models, Processing equipment models, Sharp knives (demonstration only), Safety and hygiene materials, Packaging materials, Processing cost calculation sheets
Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets
Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets
Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 23-25
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-24

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Calf housing and replacement stock
Routine management practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of calf pens. Outline requirements for calf pens. Describe management of replacement stock.

Exposition on calf pen types and requirements. Practical design exercises for housing layouts. Discussion on replacement stock feeding and management. Planning comprehensive housing and feeding programs.

Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets
Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 26-27

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Factors affecting milk composition
Milk secretion and let-down

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight factors affecting milk composition. Analyze breed differences in milk composition.

Brain storming on composition factors. Study of milk composition tables (Tables 2.3 & 2.4). Analysis of breed differences and problem-solving quality improvement strategies.

Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets
Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 28-30

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Clean milk production
Milking materials and equipment
Milking procedure and technique

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of clean milk. Outline essentials of clean milk production.
Carry out milking using correct procedure and technique. Outline rules observed when milking.

Q/A on clean milk characteristics. Detailed exposition on production essentials: healthy herd, clean cows, clean milkman, clean facilities, clean utensils. Planning comprehensive quality programs.
Practical demonstration of proper hand milking technique. Discussion on milking rules and timing. Post-milking practices including weighing, recording, and cleaning.

Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts
Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides
Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 32-34
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 36-37

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dry cow therapy and milk processing
Marketing of milk and beef

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of dry cow therapy. Name various milk products. Describe basic processing methods.
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Explanations on dry cow therapy procedures and importance. Discussion on milk products and value addition. Economic analysis of processing vs fresh milk sales.
Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment
Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 37-38
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dairy enterprise planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plan complete dairy enterprise operations. Calculate costs and returns for dairy systems.

Integrated planning covering calf rearing, housing, feeding, health, and marketing. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Development of dairy business plans.

Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)
FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Record keeping and management
Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power
Wind power, water power and biomass

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design record keeping systems for dairy operations. Analyze production records for decision making.
Describe various sources of power that can be used on farms. State advantages and disadvantages of animal power. Explain the use of yokes for harnessing animals.

Discussion on record importance. Practical design of breeding, production, health, and financial records. Analysis of sample data for management decisions.
Q/A on farm power definition and sources. Discussion on human power limitations (0.07-0.1 kw capacity). Analysis of animal power advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of yoke construction and use for oxen and donkeys.

Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems
Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets
Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels
The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain solar energy uses and photovoltaic systems. Describe electrical power sources. Identify fossil fuels and their farm applications.

Exposition on solar energy uses (drying, heating, electricity). Discussion on photovoltaic systems and battery storage. Analysis of fossil fuels: petroleum, coal, natural gases. Cost comparison of different energy sources.

Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts
Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 43-47

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

The four-stroke cycle engine
Household-firm relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the four strokes in an engine cycle. State advantages and disadvantages of four-stroke engines.

Detailed exposition of four-stroke cycle: induction, compression, power, exhaust. Practical demonstration using engine models. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages. Problem-solving stroke cycle operations.

Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts
Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 50-53

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
Per capita income and contribution of agriculture
Land as a factor of production
Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms GDP and GNP. Define the term Gross National Income (GNI). Calculate GDP, GNP and GNI using given data.
Describe the economic value of production of crops and livestock. List methods of land acquisition. Explain land productivity factors and improvement methods.

Exposition on GDP and GNP definitions and differences. Discussion on income inflow and outflow effects. Study of GNP calculation: GDP + (income inflow - outflow). Practical calculations using economic data. Problem-solving comparison scenarios.
Brain storming on land importance in production. Study of land acquisition methods: inheritance, government settlement, buying, compensation. Analysis of productivity factors (soil fertility, climate) and improvement methods. Case studies of high vs low potential areas. Problem-solving land utilization challenges.

GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators
Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data
Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples
Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 76-77
KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 78-80

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Capital and management as factors of production
Production function concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term capital. Identify types of capital. List sources of capital. State functions of a manager in a farm. Identify good qualities of a manager.

Exposition on capital definition and types: liquid (money), working (raw materials), fixed/durable (assets). Study of capital sources: savings, credit, grants. Discussion on management functions: planning, information gathering, decision making. Analysis of good manager qualities and skills.

Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials
Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 82-85

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function curves
Increasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret input-output relationship graphically. Calculate marginal and average products. Analyze production data using tables and graphs.

Worked examples using Tables 4.1 and 4.2 (maize yields with seed rates and CAN fertilizer). Supervised practice in plotting production function graphs. Calculation exercises for marginal product and average product. Graph interpretation and trend analysis. Problem-solving using production data.

Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets
Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 87-89

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Constant and decreasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate constant and decreasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples of each type. Compare all three types of production functions.

Study of Table 4.4 (bread production - constant returns) showing straight line graph and constant marginal product. Analysis of Table 4.5 (maize with NPK - decreasing returns). Explanation using Figures 4.4 and 4.5. Discussion on decreasing returns as commonest type in agriculture. Comparison of the three production function types.

Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 90-94