FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe various sources of power that can be used on farms. State advantages and disadvantages of animal power. Explain the use of yokes for harnessing animals.

Q/A on farm power definition and sources. Discussion on human power limitations (0.07-0.1 kw capacity). Analysis of animal power advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of yoke construction and use for oxen and donkeys.

Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Wind power, water power and biomass
Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wind power and water power uses on farms. Explain biomass sources including wood, charcoal and biogas. State advantages and disadvantages of biogas.

Discussion on wind power for winnowing and water pumping. Exposition on water power limitations and hydroelectric applications. Study of biomass sources and biogas production process. Analysis of biogas advantages and disadvantages.

Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples
Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 40-43

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines
The four-stroke cycle engine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of tractor petrol and diesel engines. State structural and functional differences between petrol and diesel engines.

Drawing and labeling diagrams of petrol and diesel engines. Comparative analysis using comparison table. Problem-solving engine selection for different applications. Study of engine characteristics and applications.

Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials
Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 47-50

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Household-firm relationships
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
Per capita income and contribution of agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a household and a firm as business terms. Describe a household and a firm as producers and consumers. Explain their role in a country's economic growth.

Q/A reviewing economics definition. Exposition on household-firm relationships using Figure 4.1. Discussion on household as producer (raw materials) and consumer (industrial goods). Analysis of firm roles and economic growth contributions. Problem-solving income generation scenarios.

Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials
GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators
Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 74-76

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Land as a factor of production
Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the economic value of production of crops and livestock. List methods of land acquisition. Explain land productivity factors and improvement methods.

Brain storming on land importance in production. Study of land acquisition methods: inheritance, government settlement, buying, compensation. Analysis of productivity factors (soil fertility, climate) and improvement methods. Case studies of high vs low potential areas. Problem-solving land utilization challenges.

Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples
Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 78-80

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Capital and management as factors of production
Production function concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term capital. Identify types of capital. List sources of capital. State functions of a manager in a farm. Identify good qualities of a manager.

Exposition on capital definition and types: liquid (money), working (raw materials), fixed/durable (assets). Study of capital sources: savings, credit, grants. Discussion on management functions: planning, information gathering, decision making. Analysis of good manager qualities and skills.

Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials
Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 82-85

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function curves
Increasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret input-output relationship graphically. Calculate marginal and average products. Analyze production data using tables and graphs.

Worked examples using Tables 4.1 and 4.2 (maize yields with seed rates and CAN fertilizer). Supervised practice in plotting production function graphs. Calculation exercises for marginal product and average product. Graph interpretation and trend analysis. Problem-solving using production data.

Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets
Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 87-89

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Constant and decreasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate constant and decreasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples of each type. Compare all three types of production functions.

Study of Table 4.4 (bread production - constant returns) showing straight line graph and constant marginal product. Analysis of Table 4.5 (maize with NPK - decreasing returns). Explanation using Figures 4.4 and 4.5. Discussion on decreasing returns as commonest type in agriculture. Comparison of the three production function types.

Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 90-94

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Law of diminishing returns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of diminishing returns. Analyze production data showing diminishing returns. Calculate marginal and average products.

Exposition of the law using Table 4.6 (maize production with NPK fertilizer). Calculation of marginal product (additional output) and average product (total ÷ input units). Graphical analysis showing point where diminishing returns begin. Discussion on practical applications in farming. Problem-solving scenarios demonstrating the law.

Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 94-96

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Zones of a production function curve
Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Divide a production function into three zones. Identify rational zones of production. Explain characteristics of each zone.

Guided discovery of three zones using Figure 4.7. Analysis of Zone I (irrational - under-utilization), Zone II (rational - optimal use), Zone III (irrational - over-utilization). Discussion on MP and AP relationships in each zone. Practical determination of optimal production levels. Economic decision-making based on zones.

Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides
Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 96-98

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Product-product relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples of product-product relationship. Explain joint, competitive, supplementary and complementary products.

Study of product-product relationships from textbook. Analysis of joint products: mutton/skin, cotton lint/seed, milk/butter, beef/hides, honey/wax. Discussion on competitive products: wheat vs maize, dairy vs beef cattle. Study of supplementary products: poultry enterprise, beans in coconut field. Analysis of complementary products: pig enterprise on grain by-products.

Product relationship charts, Enterprise examples from textbook, Farm planning scenarios

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 99-100

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Agricultural support services
Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extension, training and banking as support services. Explain different types of credit and their sources. Describe AI services and agricultural research.

Study of support services from textbook: extension (field officers, training centers, demonstrations), banking (current vs savings accounts, overdraft). Analysis of credit types: short-term (<1 year), medium-term (2-5 years), long-term (15 years). Study of credit sources: cooperatives, AFC, commercial banks, crop boards. Discussion on AI services and research stations listed in textbook.

Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides
Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 112-118

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Importance of Keeping Farm Accounts
Invoice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the importance of keeping farm accounts. Explain how farm accounts help secure loans. Describe how financial records assist in making sound management decisions.

Q/A on business records. Teacher explains farming as business requiring assessment. Discussion on six importance: securing loans, management decisions, profit determination, budget preparation, asset evaluation, tax assessment. Students summarize benefits.

Flipchart, sample loan forms, calculator
Table 5.1 from textbook, blank invoice forms, calculator

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 106

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Receipt
Delivery Note and Purchase Order

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details contained in a receipt. Describe features of a receipt.

Study Tables 5.2a and 5.2b receipt formats from Kikwetu Farmers Store. Identify six details and revenue stamp requirements. Practice preparing receipts for cash transactions.

Tables 5.2a and 5.2b from textbook, sample receipts, revenue stamps
Tables 5.3 and 5.4 from textbook, blank forms

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-110

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Ledger
Inventory
Cash Book and Journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the ledger. Describe features of an account.

Study Table 5.5 Dairy Cattle account showing T-account structure. Practice using DR and CR sides, folio system, and column entries for farm enterprises.

Table 5.5 from textbook, T-account charts, rulers
Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, 5.6c from textbook, inventory forms, calculators
Tables 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 from textbook, cash books, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 111-113

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Balance Sheet
Profit and Loss Account

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of balance sheets. Determine whether a business is solvent or insolvent.

Study Tables 5.10 and 5.11 balance sheet formats. Practice classifying assets and liabilities. Calculate solvency using Undugu Farm example.

Tables 5.10 and 5.11 from textbook, balance sheet templates, calculators
Tables 5.12 and 5.13 from textbook, templates, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 117-121

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Cash Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term cash analysis. Draw a cash analysis.

Study cash analysis table from textbook. Practice recording transactions in enterprise columns for dairy, maize, vegetables, and poultry.

Cash analysis table from textbook, analysis forms, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 123-124

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Definition of Market
Marketing Definition and Functions
Monopolistic Competition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term market as an institution for exchange of goods and services. Distinguish between a perfect and an imperfect market.

Q/A on students' understanding of buying and selling. Teacher explains market as institution where buyers and sellers carry out business transactions. Discussion on perfect market conditions where any buyer can purchase from any seller at same prices versus imperfect market characteristics.

Charts showing market scenarios, local market examples
Marketing flow charts, local examples
Market structure diagrams, business examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 126

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Oligopoly and Monopsony
Definition and Law of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify features of oligopolistic and monopsonistic markets.

Examination of oligopoly where small number of firms exist with mutual interdependence in policy making. Study of monopsonistic markets characterized by individual buyer influence on price due to sole buyer pressure. Discussion on pure competition requirements.

Market comparison charts, case studies
Figure 6.1 from textbook, demand examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 126-127

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Demand Schedule and Curves
Factors Influencing Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of demand schedule. Sketch the demand curve.

Study demand schedule as list of quantities a population will buy at different prices. Practice creating demand schedules using textbook examples. Examination of individual demand versus total demand concepts. Students practice sketching demand curves using graph paper.

Graph paper, rulers, sample demand data
Examples of local agricultural commodities, factor charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 128-129

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Demand
Types of Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of demand. Calculate elasticity of demand.

Study elasticity as degree of responsiveness of demand to price change. Practice calculating Ed using textbook bread example: 1000 loaves at Ksh 20 versus 600 loaves at Ksh 23. Students work through calculation steps and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets
Figures 6.3-6.6 from textbook, graph paper, rulers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 130-132

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Factors Affecting Elasticity of Demand

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting elasticity of demand.

Study six factors determining elasticity: availability of substitutes, degree of necessity, number of uses a product can be put to, time lag, time span, proportion of expenditure. Discussion using examples like table salt versus luxury commodities. Students classify local commodities by elasticity type.

Local commodity examples, classification charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 133

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Supply Definition and Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term supply. State and explain factors affecting supply of a commodity.

Study supply as quantity producers are willing to sell at specified prices in given market and time. Examination of Figure 6.7 showing direct relationship between price and supply. Study Table 6.1 supply schedule for meat. Analysis of ten factors affecting supply including number of sellers, technology, weather, government policy.

Figure 6.7, Table 6.1 from textbook, supply examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 133-135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Elasticity of Supply
Price Theory and Market Equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define elasticity of supply. Calculate elasticity of supply.

Study elasticity of supply as degree of responsiveness to price change. Practice calculating Es using textbook millet example: price change from Ksh 10 to Ksh 12 with supply change from 400kg to 600kg. Students practice calculations and interpret results.

Calculators, textbook examples, calculation worksheets
Figure 6.9 from textbook, price examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 135

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of marketing.

Study eleven marketing functions: buying and assembling, transporting and distributing, storage, packing, processing, grading and standardisation, packaging, collecting market information, selling, financing, bearing of risks. Students relate functions to local agricultural marketing examples.

Charts showing marketing functions, local examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 138-141

Agricultural Economics V (Agricultural Marketing and Organisations)

Marketing Organizations and Agencies
Agricultural Organizations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the functions of wholesalers and retailers. Outline the functions of itinerant traders, broker agents and commission agents.

Study marketing organizations: wholesalers who buy in bulk and sell to retailers, retailers who sell to consumers in small quantities, itinerant traders who move place to place, packers and processors, commission agents, broker agents, co-operatives, marketing boards, auctioneers. Students identify local marketing agents and their roles.

Examples of local marketing agents, organizational charts
List of statutory boards, co-operative examples, youth organization materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 141-143