LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Raising of the young stock - Colostrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the importance of feeding calves on colostrum. Prepare artificial colostrum. State qualities of colostrum.

Q/A on colostrum qualities and importance. Practical demonstration of artificial colostrum preparation using fresh egg, warm water, cod liver oil, and castor oil. Discussion on feeding schedules and problem-solving feeding challenges.

Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Methods of calf rearing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of natural and artificial methods of calf rearing. Demonstrate bucket feeding training procedures.

Q/A comparing natural vs artificial calf rearing methods. Practical demonstration of bucket feeding training procedure. Cost-benefit analysis and problem-solving for method selection.

Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-24

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Weaning of calves
Calf housing and replacement stock

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe early and late weaning of calves. Calculate feed requirements using weaning guides.

Study of early and late weaning guides (Tables 2.1 & 2.2). Practical calculations using weaning tables. Problem-solving feed transition challenges and planning weaning schedules.

Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets
Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 24-26

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Routine management practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze routine management practices in calf rearing. Plan parasite and disease control programs. Explain vaccination schedules.

Q/A on routine practices including parasite control, disease prevention, castration, identification, and dehorning. Practical planning of management schedules and vaccination programs.

Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 27-28

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Factors affecting milk composition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight factors affecting milk composition. Analyze breed differences in milk composition.

Brain storming on composition factors. Study of milk composition tables (Tables 2.3 & 2.4). Analysis of breed differences and problem-solving quality improvement strategies.

Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 28-30

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk secretion and let-down

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the mammary gland. Describe milk flow from alveoli to teat canal. Explain milk let-down process.

Drawing and labeling udder structure diagrams. Exposition on lactogenesis and hormone control. Discussion on let-down process, oxytocin effects, and factors affecting milk release.

Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 30-32

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Clean milk production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of clean milk. Outline essentials of clean milk production.

Q/A on clean milk characteristics. Detailed exposition on production essentials: healthy herd, clean cows, clean milkman, clean facilities, clean utensils. Planning comprehensive quality programs.

Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 32-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking materials and equipment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List down necessary milking materials and equipment. State purposes of milking equipment. Demonstrate proper use and maintenance.

Brain storming on milking equipment and materials. Practical demonstration of equipment use, cleaning, and maintenance. Cost analysis of equipment investment.

Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 34-36

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking procedure and technique

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Carry out milking using correct procedure and technique. Outline rules observed when milking.

Practical demonstration of proper hand milking technique. Discussion on milking rules and timing. Post-milking practices including weighing, recording, and cleaning.

Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 36-37

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of dry cow therapy. Name various milk products. Describe basic processing methods.

Explanations on dry cow therapy procedures and importance. Discussion on milk products and value addition. Economic analysis of processing vs fresh milk sales.

Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 37-38

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of dry cow therapy. Name various milk products. Describe basic processing methods.

Explanations on dry cow therapy procedures and importance. Discussion on milk products and value addition. Economic analysis of processing vs fresh milk sales.

Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 37-38

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dairy enterprise planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plan complete dairy enterprise operations. Calculate costs and returns for dairy systems.

Integrated planning covering calf rearing, housing, feeding, health, and marketing. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Development of dairy business plans.

Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Record keeping and management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design record keeping systems for dairy operations. Analyze production records for decision making.

Discussion on record importance. Practical design of breeding, production, health, and financial records. Analysis of sample data for management decisions.

Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Record keeping and management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design record keeping systems for dairy operations. Analyze production records for decision making.

Discussion on record importance. Practical design of breeding, production, health, and financial records. Analysis of sample data for management decisions.

Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Household-firm relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a household and a firm as business terms. Describe a household and a firm as producers and consumers. Explain their role in a country's economic growth.

Q/A reviewing economics definition. Exposition on household-firm relationships using Figure 4.1. Discussion on household as producer (raw materials) and consumer (industrial goods). Analysis of firm roles and economic growth contributions. Problem-solving income generation scenarios.

Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 74-76

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms GDP and GNP. Define the term Gross National Income (GNI). Calculate GDP, GNP and GNI using given data.

Exposition on GDP and GNP definitions and differences. Discussion on income inflow and outflow effects. Study of GNP calculation: GDP + (income inflow - outflow). Practical calculations using economic data. Problem-solving comparison scenarios.

GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 76-77

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Per capita income and contribution of agriculture
Land as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term per capita income. Explain contribution of agriculture to development. Calculate per capita income using population data.

Study of per capita income formula: GNI ÷ population. Discussion on Kenya's 1985 example (US $420). Analysis of development indicators and agriculture's contributions. Practical calculations using different country data. Evaluation of economic development measures.

Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data
Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 77-78

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term labour as used in production. Identify types of labour. Explain ways of improving labour productivity.

Oral questions on labour definition and importance. Study of labour types: family, casual, and permanent labour. Analysis of labour measurement (man-hours, man-days; 1 man-day = 8 hours). Discussion on productivity improvement: training, mechanization, incentives, supervision. Problem-solving labour management challenges.

Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 80-82

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Capital and management as factors of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term capital. Identify types of capital. List sources of capital. State functions of a manager in a farm. Identify good qualities of a manager.

Exposition on capital definition and types: liquid (money), working (raw materials), fixed/durable (assets). Study of capital sources: savings, credit, grants. Discussion on management functions: planning, information gathering, decision making. Analysis of good manager qualities and skills.

Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 82-85

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define production function. State characteristics of variable and fixed inputs. Distinguish between variable and fixed inputs.

Q/A on production function as input-output relationship. Study of variable inputs: change with production, allocated to enterprises, used for gross margins. Analysis of fixed inputs: constant costs, not allocated to specific enterprises. Practical classification of farm inputs with examples.

Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 85-87

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret input-output relationship graphically. Calculate marginal and average products. Analyze production data using tables and graphs.

Worked examples using Tables 4.1 and 4.2 (maize yields with seed rates and CAN fertilizer). Supervised practice in plotting production function graphs. Calculation exercises for marginal product and average product. Graph interpretation and trend analysis. Problem-solving using production data.

Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 87-89

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Increasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret increasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples where increasing returns are experienced.

Study of Table 4.3 (egg production with varying layers mash). Analysis of increasing returns characteristics: each additional input results in larger increase in output. Graphical representation using Figure 4.3. Explanation of trend where marginal product increases with each additional input. Study of feeding layers example from the textbook.

Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 89-90

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Constant and decreasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate constant and decreasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples of each type. Compare all three types of production functions.

Study of Table 4.4 (bread production - constant returns) showing straight line graph and constant marginal product. Analysis of Table 4.5 (maize with NPK - decreasing returns). Explanation using Figures 4.4 and 4.5. Discussion on decreasing returns as commonest type in agriculture. Comparison of the three production function types.

Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 90-94

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Law of diminishing returns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of diminishing returns. Analyze production data showing diminishing returns. Calculate marginal and average products.

Exposition of the law using Table 4.6 (maize production with NPK fertilizer). Calculation of marginal product (additional output) and average product (total ÷ input units). Graphical analysis showing point where diminishing returns begin. Discussion on practical applications in farming. Problem-solving scenarios demonstrating the law.

Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 94-96

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Law of diminishing returns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of diminishing returns. Analyze production data showing diminishing returns. Calculate marginal and average products.

Exposition of the law using Table 4.6 (maize production with NPK fertilizer). Calculation of marginal product (additional output) and average product (total ÷ input units). Graphical analysis showing point where diminishing returns begin. Discussion on practical applications in farming. Problem-solving scenarios demonstrating the law.

Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 94-96

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Zones of a production function curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Divide a production function into three zones. Identify rational zones of production. Explain characteristics of each zone.

Guided discovery of three zones using Figure 4.7. Analysis of Zone I (irrational - under-utilization), Zone II (rational - optimal use), Zone III (irrational - over-utilization). Discussion on MP and AP relationships in each zone. Practical determination of optimal production levels. Economic decision-making based on zones.

Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 96-98

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Product-product relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples of product-product relationship. Explain joint, competitive, supplementary and complementary products.

Study of product-product relationships from textbook. Analysis of joint products: mutton/skin, cotton lint/seed, milk/butter, beef/hides, honey/wax. Discussion on competitive products: wheat vs maize, dairy vs beef cattle. Study of supplementary products: poultry enterprise, beans in coconut field. Analysis of complementary products: pig enterprise on grain by-products.

Product relationship charts, Enterprise examples from textbook, Farm planning scenarios

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 99-100

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Agricultural support services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extension, training and banking as support services. Explain different types of credit and their sources. Describe AI services and agricultural research.

Study of support services from textbook: extension (field officers, training centers, demonstrations), banking (current vs savings accounts, overdraft). Analysis of credit types: short-term (<1 year), medium-term (2-5 years), long-term (15 years). Study of credit sources: cooperatives, AFC, commercial banks, crop boards. Discussion on AI services and research stations listed in textbook.

Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 112-118

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Agricultural support services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extension, training and banking as support services. Explain different types of credit and their sources. Describe AI services and agricultural research.

Study of support services from textbook: extension (field officers, training centers, demonstrations), banking (current vs savings accounts, overdraft). Analysis of credit types: short-term (<1 year), medium-term (2-5 years), long-term (15 years). Study of credit sources: cooperatives, AFC, commercial banks, crop boards. Discussion on AI services and research stations listed in textbook.

Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 112-118

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms risk and uncertainty. List types of risks and uncertainties. Outline ways of adjusting to uncertainties and risks.

Study of uncertainty (imperfect knowledge of future events) vs risk (divergence between expected and actual outcome). Analysis of risk types from textbook: price fluctuations, physical yield uncertainty, ownership uncertainty, pest/disease outbreaks, sickness/injury, new technology uncertainty, obsolescence, natural catastrophes. Discussion on adjustment strategies: diversification, selecting certain enterprises, contracting, insurance, input rationing, production flexibility, modern methods.

Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 118-121

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Importance of Keeping Farm Accounts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the importance of keeping farm accounts. Explain how farm accounts help secure loans. Describe how financial records assist in making sound management decisions.

Q/A on business records. Teacher explains farming as business requiring assessment. Discussion on six importance: securing loans, management decisions, profit determination, budget preparation, asset evaluation, tax assessment. Students summarize benefits.

Flipchart, sample loan forms, calculator

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 106

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Invoice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details contained in an invoice. Describe an invoice as used in business transactions.

Study Table 5.1 invoice from Kikwetu Farmers Store. Identify seven components: date, people, quantities, prices, amounts, serial number, payment terms. Practice creating invoices using given data.

Table 5.1 from textbook, blank invoice forms, calculator

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 106-108

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Receipt

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details contained in a receipt. Describe features of a receipt.

Study Tables 5.2a and 5.2b receipt formats from Kikwetu Farmers Store. Identify six details and revenue stamp requirements. Practice preparing receipts for cash transactions.

Tables 5.2a and 5.2b from textbook, sample receipts, revenue stamps

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-110

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Delivery Note and Purchase Order

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline details contained in a delivery note. Outline details contained in a purchase order.

Study Table 5.3 delivery note and Table 5.4 purchase order from textbook. Practice completing both documents. Trace complete transaction cycle using all four financial documents.

Tables 5.3 and 5.4 from textbook, blank forms

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 110-111

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Ledger

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the ledger. Describe features of an account.

Study Table 5.5 Dairy Cattle account showing T-account structure. Practice using DR and CR sides, folio system, and column entries for farm enterprises.

Table 5.5 from textbook, T-account charts, rulers

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 111-113

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Inventory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the inventory. Describe features of consumable and permanent goods inventory.

Study Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, and 5.6c showing different inventory types. Practice updating inventory records with births, deaths, purchases, and sales.

Tables 5.6a, 5.6b, 5.6c from textbook, inventory forms, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 113-114

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Cash Book and Journal
Balance Sheet

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe features of the cash book. Describe features of the journal and subsidiary books.

Study Table 5.7 cash account and Tables 5.8, 5.9 journal formats. Practice cash book balancing and journal entries with proper narration.

Tables 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 from textbook, cash books, calculators
Tables 5.10 and 5.11 from textbook, balance sheet templates, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 114-117

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Profit and Loss Account

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a profit and loss account. Draw a profit and loss account. Compute net profit.

Study Tables 5.12 and 5.13 profit and loss formats. Practice using Hekima Farm example to calculate net profit using textbook formula.

Tables 5.12 and 5.13 from textbook, templates, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 121-123

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Cash Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term cash analysis. Draw a cash analysis.

Study cash analysis table from textbook. Practice recording transactions in enterprise columns for dairy, maize, vegetables, and poultry.

Cash analysis table from textbook, analysis forms, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 123-124

Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts)

Cash Analysis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term cash analysis. Draw a cash analysis.

Study cash analysis table from textbook. Practice recording transactions in enterprise columns for dairy, maize, vegetables, and poultry.

Cash analysis table from textbook, analysis forms, calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 123-124