FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe various sources of power that can be used on farms. State advantages and disadvantages of animal power. Explain the use of yokes for harnessing animals.

Q/A on farm power definition and sources. Discussion on human power limitations (0.07-0.1 kw capacity). Analysis of animal power advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of yoke construction and use for oxen and donkeys.

Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Wind power, water power and biomass

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wind power and water power uses on farms. Explain biomass sources including wood, charcoal and biogas. State advantages and disadvantages of biogas.

Discussion on wind power for winnowing and water pumping. Exposition on water power limitations and hydroelectric applications. Study of biomass sources and biogas production process. Analysis of biogas advantages and disadvantages.

Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 40-43

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Wind power, water power and biomass

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wind power and water power uses on farms. Explain biomass sources including wood, charcoal and biogas. State advantages and disadvantages of biogas.

Discussion on wind power for winnowing and water pumping. Exposition on water power limitations and hydroelectric applications. Study of biomass sources and biogas production process. Analysis of biogas advantages and disadvantages.

Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 40-43

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain solar energy uses and photovoltaic systems. Describe electrical power sources. Identify fossil fuels and their farm applications.

Exposition on solar energy uses (drying, heating, electricity). Discussion on photovoltaic systems and battery storage. Analysis of fossil fuels: petroleum, coal, natural gases. Cost comparison of different energy sources.

Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 43-47

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of tractor petrol and diesel engines. State structural and functional differences between petrol and diesel engines.

Drawing and labeling diagrams of petrol and diesel engines. Comparative analysis using comparison table. Problem-solving engine selection for different applications. Study of engine characteristics and applications.

Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 47-50

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major parts of tractor petrol and diesel engines. State structural and functional differences between petrol and diesel engines.

Drawing and labeling diagrams of petrol and diesel engines. Comparative analysis using comparison table. Problem-solving engine selection for different applications. Study of engine characteristics and applications.

Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 47-50

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

The four-stroke cycle engine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the four strokes in an engine cycle. State advantages and disadvantages of four-stroke engines.

Detailed exposition of four-stroke cycle: induction, compression, power, exhaust. Practical demonstration using engine models. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages. Problem-solving stroke cycle operations.

Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 50-53

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Household-firm relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a household and a firm as business terms. Describe a household and a firm as producers and consumers. Explain their role in a country's economic growth.

Q/A reviewing economics definition. Exposition on household-firm relationships using Figure 4.1. Discussion on household as producer (raw materials) and consumer (industrial goods). Analysis of firm roles and economic growth contributions. Problem-solving income generation scenarios.

Household-firm relationship charts, Economic flow diagrams, Case study materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 74-76

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms GDP and GNP. Define the term Gross National Income (GNI). Calculate GDP, GNP and GNI using given data.

Exposition on GDP and GNP definitions and differences. Discussion on income inflow and outflow effects. Study of GNP calculation: GDP + (income inflow - outflow). Practical calculations using economic data. Problem-solving comparison scenarios.

GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 76-77

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms GDP and GNP. Define the term Gross National Income (GNI). Calculate GDP, GNP and GNI using given data.

Exposition on GDP and GNP definitions and differences. Discussion on income inflow and outflow effects. Study of GNP calculation: GDP + (income inflow - outflow). Practical calculations using economic data. Problem-solving comparison scenarios.

GDP/GNP calculation worksheets, Economic data samples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 76-77

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Per capita income and contribution of agriculture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term per capita income. Explain contribution of agriculture to development. Calculate per capita income using population data.

Study of per capita income formula: GNI ÷ population. Discussion on Kenya's 1985 example (US $420). Analysis of development indicators and agriculture's contributions. Practical calculations using different country data. Evaluation of economic development measures.

Per capita income calculation sheets, Development indicator charts, Country comparison data

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 77-78

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Land as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the economic value of production of crops and livestock. List methods of land acquisition. Explain land productivity factors and improvement methods.

Brain storming on land importance in production. Study of land acquisition methods: inheritance, government settlement, buying, compensation. Analysis of productivity factors (soil fertility, climate) and improvement methods. Case studies of high vs low potential areas. Problem-solving land utilization challenges.

Land acquisition method charts, Soil fertility maps, Productivity demonstration materials, Case study examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 78-80

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term labour as used in production. Identify types of labour. Explain ways of improving labour productivity.

Oral questions on labour definition and importance. Study of labour types: family, casual, and permanent labour. Analysis of labour measurement (man-hours, man-days; 1 man-day = 8 hours). Discussion on productivity improvement: training, mechanization, incentives, supervision. Problem-solving labour management challenges.

Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 80-82

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term labour as used in production. Identify types of labour. Explain ways of improving labour productivity.

Oral questions on labour definition and importance. Study of labour types: family, casual, and permanent labour. Analysis of labour measurement (man-hours, man-days; 1 man-day = 8 hours). Discussion on productivity improvement: training, mechanization, incentives, supervision. Problem-solving labour management challenges.

Labour type charts, Productivity improvement guides, Training examples, Measurement tools

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 80-82

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Capital and management as factors of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term capital. Identify types of capital. List sources of capital. State functions of a manager in a farm. Identify good qualities of a manager.

Exposition on capital definition and types: liquid (money), working (raw materials), fixed/durable (assets). Study of capital sources: savings, credit, grants. Discussion on management functions: planning, information gathering, decision making. Analysis of good manager qualities and skills.

Capital type examples, Sources of capital charts, Management function guides, Quality assessment materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 82-85

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define production function. State characteristics of variable and fixed inputs. Distinguish between variable and fixed inputs.

Q/A on production function as input-output relationship. Study of variable inputs: change with production, allocated to enterprises, used for gross margins. Analysis of fixed inputs: constant costs, not allocated to specific enterprises. Practical classification of farm inputs with examples.

Production function charts, Input classification worksheets, Farm input examples, Cost analysis materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 85-87

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret input-output relationship graphically. Calculate marginal and average products. Analyze production data using tables and graphs.

Worked examples using Tables 4.1 and 4.2 (maize yields with seed rates and CAN fertilizer). Supervised practice in plotting production function graphs. Calculation exercises for marginal product and average product. Graph interpretation and trend analysis. Problem-solving using production data.

Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 87-89

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Production function curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret input-output relationship graphically. Calculate marginal and average products. Analyze production data using tables and graphs.

Worked examples using Tables 4.1 and 4.2 (maize yields with seed rates and CAN fertilizer). Supervised practice in plotting production function graphs. Calculation exercises for marginal product and average product. Graph interpretation and trend analysis. Problem-solving using production data.

Graph papers, Production function tables (4.1, 4.2), Calculators, Plotting materials, Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 87-89

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Increasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate and interpret increasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples where increasing returns are experienced.

Study of Table 4.3 (egg production with varying layers mash). Analysis of increasing returns characteristics: each additional input results in larger increase in output. Graphical representation using Figure 4.3. Explanation of trend where marginal product increases with each additional input. Study of feeding layers example from the textbook.

Increasing returns charts, Table 4.3 data, Graph plotting materials, Figure 4.3

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 89-90

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Constant and decreasing returns production functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Illustrate constant and decreasing returns production functions. Give empirical examples of each type. Compare all three types of production functions.

Study of Table 4.4 (bread production - constant returns) showing straight line graph and constant marginal product. Analysis of Table 4.5 (maize with NPK - decreasing returns). Explanation using Figures 4.4 and 4.5. Discussion on decreasing returns as commonest type in agriculture. Comparison of the three production function types.

Production function comparison charts, Tables 4.4 and 4.5, Figures 4.4 and 4.5, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 90-94

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Law of diminishing returns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of diminishing returns. Analyze production data showing diminishing returns. Calculate marginal and average products.

Exposition of the law using Table 4.6 (maize production with NPK fertilizer). Calculation of marginal product (additional output) and average product (total ÷ input units). Graphical analysis showing point where diminishing returns begin. Discussion on practical applications in farming. Problem-solving scenarios demonstrating the law.

Law of diminishing returns charts, Table 4.6 data, Calculation worksheets, Graph plotting materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 94-96

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Zones of a production function curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Divide a production function into three zones. Identify rational zones of production. Explain characteristics of each zone.

Guided discovery of three zones using Figure 4.7. Analysis of Zone I (irrational - under-utilization), Zone II (rational - optimal use), Zone III (irrational - over-utilization). Discussion on MP and AP relationships in each zone. Practical determination of optimal production levels. Economic decision-making based on zones.

Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 96-98

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Zones of a production function curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Divide a production function into three zones. Identify rational zones of production. Explain characteristics of each zone.

Guided discovery of three zones using Figure 4.7. Analysis of Zone I (irrational - under-utilization), Zone II (rational - optimal use), Zone III (irrational - over-utilization). Discussion on MP and AP relationships in each zone. Practical determination of optimal production levels. Economic decision-making based on zones.

Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 96-98

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Zones of a production function curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Divide a production function into three zones. Identify rational zones of production. Explain characteristics of each zone.

Guided discovery of three zones using Figure 4.7. Analysis of Zone I (irrational - under-utilization), Zone II (rational - optimal use), Zone III (irrational - over-utilization). Discussion on MP and AP relationships in each zone. Practical determination of optimal production levels. Economic decision-making based on zones.

Zone identification charts, Figure 4.7, Production curve examples, Decision-making guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 96-98

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principles of substitution and input-input relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principles of substitution. Give examples illustrating principles of substitution. Identify ways of combining inputs.

Exposition on substitution law: profitable to substitute cheaper input for expensive one while maintaining constant output. Study of input-input relationships: fixed proportions, constant rate substitution, varying rate substitution. Examples from textbook: maize and sorghum as livestock feeds, homemade vs commercial feeds, hay and grain, poultry manure vs nitrogenous fertilizers.

Substitution principle charts, Input combination examples, Cost comparison worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 98-99

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Product-product relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples of product-product relationship. Explain joint, competitive, supplementary and complementary products.

Study of product-product relationships from textbook. Analysis of joint products: mutton/skin, cotton lint/seed, milk/butter, beef/hides, honey/wax. Discussion on competitive products: wheat vs maize, dairy vs beef cattle. Study of supplementary products: poultry enterprise, beans in coconut field. Analysis of complementary products: pig enterprise on grain by-products.

Product relationship charts, Enterprise examples from textbook, Farm planning scenarios

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 99-100

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Principle of equi-marginal returns and concept of cost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the principle of equi-marginal returns. Define the concept of cost. Identify the role of costs in production. List types of costs.

Discussion on equi-marginal returns: limited resources allocated where marginal returns equal in all uses. Study of cost concept: Cost = Q × P × X. Analysis of cost roles from textbook. Classification of costs: fixed costs (rent, depreciation, salaries), variable costs (feeds, fertilizers, fuel), total cost (FC + VC), average costs, marginal cost.

Cost calculation worksheets, Cost type classification charts, Formula applications

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 100-102

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Types of revenue and profit maximization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compute total revenue, net revenue and marginal revenue. Determine the cost of production. Apply profit maximization principles.

Study of revenue types: Total Revenue (TR = quantity × price), Net Revenue (NR = TR - TC), Marginal Revenue. Analysis of Table 4.7 (maize production profit example with DSP fertilizer). Exposition on profit maximization: occurs when MR = MC and NR is maximum. Calculations using textbook example with Ksh 280 fertilizer cost and Ksh 200 maize price.

Revenue calculation worksheets, Table 4.7, Profit maximization examples, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 102-105

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors to consider when drawing a farm plan. Outline steps followed in making a farm plan. Develop farm planning scenarios.

Exposition on farm planning importance. Study of planning factors from textbook: farm size, environmental factors, labour market trends, farmer objectives, possible enterprises, market conditions, input availability, government regulations, security, communication/transport. Analysis of 10-step planning process from site determination to plan evaluation and implementation.

Farm planning templates, Factor consideration checklists, Planning process flowcharts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 105-108

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Farm budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a farm budget. Analyze importance of farm budgeting. Describe types of farm budgets. Draw a partial budget.

Study of budgeting definition and importance from textbook. Analysis of partial vs complete budgets. Practical partial budget exercise using Mr Mutua's example (Table 4.8): 0.3 hectare maize to potatoes change. Study of complete budget example (Table 4.9): 2 hectares mixed farm with gross margins. Four guiding questions for partial budgeting.

Budget templates, Table 4.8 (Mr Mutua's partial budget), Table 4.9 (complete budget), Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 108-112

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Agricultural support services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extension, training and banking as support services. Explain different types of credit and their sources. Describe AI services and agricultural research.

Study of support services from textbook: extension (field officers, training centers, demonstrations), banking (current vs savings accounts, overdraft). Analysis of credit types: short-term (<1 year), medium-term (2-5 years), long-term (15 years). Study of credit sources: cooperatives, AFC, commercial banks, crop boards. Discussion on AI services and research stations listed in textbook.

Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 112-118

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Agricultural support services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe extension, training and banking as support services. Explain different types of credit and their sources. Describe AI services and agricultural research.

Study of support services from textbook: extension (field officers, training centers, demonstrations), banking (current vs savings accounts, overdraft). Analysis of credit types: short-term (<1 year), medium-term (2-5 years), long-term (15 years). Study of credit sources: cooperatives, AFC, commercial banks, crop boards. Discussion on AI services and research stations listed in textbook.

Support service charts, Credit type tables, Research station lists from textbook, Banking guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 112-118

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms risk and uncertainty. List types of risks and uncertainties. Outline ways of adjusting to uncertainties and risks.

Study of uncertainty (imperfect knowledge of future events) vs risk (divergence between expected and actual outcome). Analysis of risk types from textbook: price fluctuations, physical yield uncertainty, ownership uncertainty, pest/disease outbreaks, sickness/injury, new technology uncertainty, obsolescence, natural catastrophes. Discussion on adjustment strategies: diversification, selecting certain enterprises, contracting, insurance, input rationing, production flexibility, modern methods.

Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 118-121

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms risk and uncertainty. List types of risks and uncertainties. Outline ways of adjusting to uncertainties and risks.

Study of uncertainty (imperfect knowledge of future events) vs risk (divergence between expected and actual outcome). Analysis of risk types from textbook: price fluctuations, physical yield uncertainty, ownership uncertainty, pest/disease outbreaks, sickness/injury, new technology uncertainty, obsolescence, natural catastrophes. Discussion on adjustment strategies: diversification, selecting certain enterprises, contracting, insurance, input rationing, production flexibility, modern methods.

Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 118-121

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms risk and uncertainty. List types of risks and uncertainties. Outline ways of adjusting to uncertainties and risks.

Study of uncertainty (imperfect knowledge of future events) vs risk (divergence between expected and actual outcome). Analysis of risk types from textbook: price fluctuations, physical yield uncertainty, ownership uncertainty, pest/disease outbreaks, sickness/injury, new technology uncertainty, obsolescence, natural catastrophes. Discussion on adjustment strategies: diversification, selecting certain enterprises, contracting, insurance, input rationing, production flexibility, modern methods.

Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 118-121

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

Risks, uncertainties and adjustment strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms risk and uncertainty. List types of risks and uncertainties. Outline ways of adjusting to uncertainties and risks.

Study of uncertainty (imperfect knowledge of future events) vs risk (divergence between expected and actual outcome). Analysis of risk types from textbook: price fluctuations, physical yield uncertainty, ownership uncertainty, pest/disease outbreaks, sickness/injury, new technology uncertainty, obsolescence, natural catastrophes. Discussion on adjustment strategies: diversification, selecting certain enterprises, contracting, insurance, input rationing, production flexibility, modern methods.

Risk identification charts from textbook, Uncertainty management guides, Adjustment strategy examples

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 118-121