FORAGE CROPS

Pasture classification.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


Outline criteria for classifying pastures.

Exposition and probing questions.

Common types of grass.

KLB BK III
Pg 269-271

FORAGE CROPS

Pasture establishment.
Weed control and top dressing.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of sowing pasture crop.
Describe field practices for pasture establishment.

Brain storming,
Discussion.

KLB BK III
Pg 272-274

FORAGE CROPS

Pasture utilization.
Rotational grazing systems.
Zero grazing / stall feeding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State effects of early / late defoliation.

Probing questions;
Exposition;
Discussion.

illustrative video
chart
illustrative chart s

KLB BK III
Pg 277-278

FORAGE CROPS

Napier grass.
Guatemala.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the ecological requirements for napier grass.
Describe establishment of napier grass.

Expository and descriptive approaches.

Napier grass strands.
Guatemala strands.

KLB BK III
Pg 283-287

FORAGE CROPS

Kenya white clover.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the ecological requirements for Kenya white clover.
Describe establishment of Kenya white clover..

Brain storming;
Discussion

Kenya white clover strands.

KLB BK III
Pg 295

FORAGE CROPS

Lucerne & desmodium.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline the ecological requirements for Lucerne / desmodium.
Describe establishment of Lucerne / desmodium.

Q/A & brief discussion;
Exposition.

Lucerne strands.

KLB BK III
Pg297

FORAGE CROPS

FORAGE CONSERVATION
Principles of conservation.
Silage requirements in dry matter.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite reasons for conserving forage.
Outline methods of conserving forage.

Discussion on hay / silage making and silos.

illustrative diagrams of conserving forage 
Calculators.

KLB BK III
Pg 299-302

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

Observable conditions of livestock. & Disease predisposing factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:



Identify conditions that help in observing disease symptoms.

Identify some disease predisposing factors

Brain storming,
Q/A to review disease and health.
Discussion.

KLB BK III
Pg 308-9

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

Terms related to livestock diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the terms incubation period, mortality, natural and artificial immunity.

Probing questions;
Brief discussion.

KLB BK III
Pg 309-310

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples of protozoan diseases.
Identify symptoms of specific diseases.
Cite control measures.

Discussion on ECF, anaplsmolysis, nagana, coccidiosis.

ill livestock

KLB BK III
Pg 311-2

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

Bacterial diseases.
Viral diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Give examples of bacterial diseases.
Identify symptoms of specific diseases.
Cite control measures.
Identify animals affected by bacterial diseases.

Discussion on mastitis. Foot rot, contagious abortion, black quarter, scours, anthrax, pneumonia.

ill animals
virus infected animals

KLB BK III
Pg 314-325

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Nutritional disorders. -Milk fever.
- Bloat.
Composition of an egg

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite symptoms of milk fever.
Explain control and treatment of milk fever.

Brain storming;
Brief discussion.

animal illing from milk fever
animal ailing from bloat 
Eggs, Chart showing parts of an egg, Drawing materials, Magnifying glass, Rulers for measurement

KLB BK III
Pg 330-2

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Incubation of eggs - Selection characteristics
Egg candling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State characteristics of eggs for incubation. List factors to consider when selecting eggs for incubation. Examine internal condition of eggs through candling.

Q/A on egg selection criteria. Practical activity - examining eggs for selection. Discussion on weight, size, and shape requirements. Hands-on evaluation of egg quality for incubation. Recording selection criteria observations.

Eggs of various conditions, Weighing scale, Measuring tools, Record sheets, Selection criteria charts
Cardboard boxes, Torch, Electric bulb, Candles, Dark room setup, Observation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 3-4

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Natural incubation
Artificial incubation - Conditions
Management of an incubator

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of natural incubation. Identify management practices of natural incubation. Describe signs of broodiness in hens. Explain preparation of nesting boxes for broody hens.

Q/A on natural incubation signs and management. Discussion on advantages and disadvantages. Practical demonstration of nesting box preparation. Role-play managing broody hens. Setting up proper nesting environment with appropriate materials. Problem-solving scenarios for natural incubation challenges.

Nesting box, Nesting materials (dry grass, sawdust), Debe containers, Sample nest setups, Broody hen management guides
Artificial incubator model, Thermometer, Water trays, Ventilation materials, Damp cloths, Eggs for turning
Incubator, Disinfectants, Cleaning materials, Management record sheets, Timer, Cost comparison charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 5-6

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Sources of chicks and brooding introduction
Artificial brooding - Requirements and preparation
Brooder management and chick care

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify reputable sources of day-old chicks in Kenya. List factors to consider when sourcing chicks. Define the term brooding. Explain the importance of proper brooding.

Research activity on chick suppliers (Muguku, Lake Chicks, Kenchick, Stockplan, Sigma). Group presentations on sourcing factors (reputation, time, breed, size, health). Discussion on brooding as critical period in poultry management. Problem-solving chick sourcing challenges. Creating sourcing checklist for farmers.

List of chick suppliers in Kenya, Transport cost charts, Chick quality assessment guides, Presentation materials
Artificial brooder, Heat sources (electric bulbs, charcoal burner), Wire guards, Thermometer, Newspapers, Litter materials, Feeders, Waterers
Chick mash samples, Feeders, Waterers, Vaccination charts, Behavior observation sheets, Feed calculation worksheets, Thermometer

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 6-7

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Rearing of growers, layers and broilers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Discuss rearing of growers, layers and broilers. Compare feeding requirements for different bird categories. Calculate feed consumption and space requirements. Plan transition from brooder to grower stage.

Exposition and probing questions on different rearing stages. Discussion on grower mash (16-17% D.C.P.) vs layer mash (14-16% D.C.P.) vs broiler feeds. Practical calculation of daily feed requirements (120g per layer). Problem-solving feeding program transitions. Creating management schedules for different bird categories. Space calculation exercises.

Feed samples (grower, layer, broiler mash), Calculators, Rearing comparison charts, Feed calculation worksheets, Space requirement guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 10-12

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Free range rearing system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors considered when choosing a rearing system. Identify requirements for free-range system. State merits and demerits of free range system. Calculate stocking density (not exceeding 1000 birds per hectare).

Q/A on system selection factors (land, topography, labor, capital, security, market, knowledge). Discussion on free range requirements - land size, fencing, runs, movable houses. Practical calculation of land needs (100 birds need 0.4 hectare). Cost-benefit analysis comparing with other systems. Problem-solving free range management challenges.

Free range system charts, Measuring tape, Calculators, Fencing materials samples, Land calculation worksheets, Cost comparison sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 12-15

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Fold system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe fold system. State merits and demerits of fold systems. Design fold specifications (3.5m long, 1.5m wide, 1.5m high). Calculate number of birds per fold (10-15 hens per fold).

Q/A and discussion on fold system principles and portability. Practical measurement and design of fold dimensions. Drawing scaled fold designs with roofed and open sections. Calculation exercises for fold numbers needed for given flock size. Discussion on daily movement requirements and labor implications. Problem-solving fold construction and management issues.

Fold design materials, Wire mesh samples, Measuring tools, Construction planning sheets, Calculators, Model building materials

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 15-16

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Deep litter system
Battery cage system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the requirements for deep litter system. State merits and demerits of deep litter systems. Calculate space requirements (1 sq m per 2-3 birds). Plan litter management and house specifications.

Q/A and discussion on deep litter system requirements. Practical demonstration of litter preparation (15-30cm deep) using sawdust, wood shavings. Calculation of space allocation and bird density. Design of house layout with proper ventilation (60-90cm opening above ground). Problem-solving litter management challenges including moisture control and turning.

Deep litter materials (sawdust, wood shavings, crushed maize cobs), House design materials, Calculators, Ventilation planning guides, Moisture control charts
Battery cage models, Wire mesh samples, Measuring equipment, Calculators, Cage design worksheets, Cost analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 16-18

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Factors affecting egg production - Stress

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State causes of stress in birds. Outline stress management practices. Identify effects of stress on egg production. Plan stress reduction strategies for poultry farms.

Discussion on stress causes (sudden changes, strangers, handling, noise, weather, diseases, lack of feed/water). Practical identification of stress symptoms in birds. Problem-solving stress management scenarios. Group work on creating stress-free environments. Planning daily routines to minimize stress. Development of emergency procedures for stress situations.

Stress identification charts, Case study materials, Management planning sheets, Emergency procedure guides, Poultry behavior observation sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 19-20

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Vices in poultry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify causes of vices such as egg eating and cannibalism. Explain measures taken to control vices. Demonstrate debeaking procedures. Plan vice prevention programs.

Discussion on causes and control of egg eating (broken eggs, bright lights, idleness, inadequate nests, mineral deficiency). Analysis of cannibalism causes (parasites, overcrowding, bright light, prolapse, mineral deficiency, new birds). Demonstration of debeaking procedures using models. Problem-solving vice prevention strategies. Creating management plans to eliminate vice-causing conditions.

Charts showing poultry vices and symptoms, Debeaking equipment models, Vice prevention planning sheets, Case study examples, Control measure guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 20-22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)

Culling birds
Marketing eggs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define the term culling. Give reasons for culling of birds. Identify characteristics of good and poor layers. Demonstrate proper culling procedures and record keeping.

Brain storming on culling importance and economic benefits. Practical observation and identification of characteristics of good layers vs poor layers. Discussion on culling criteria (production records, physical examination, behavior). Record keeping for culling decisions and flock improvement. Problem-solving culling schedules and replacement planning. Cost-benefit analysis of culling programs.

Live birds for observation (if available), Culling record sheets, Production record examples, Culling criteria charts, Cost-benefit calculation sheets
Eggs of various sizes and quality, Egg trays (30-egg capacity), Egg boxes, Grading equipment, Calculators, Market price analysis sheets, Packaging cost worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Page 22

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY)
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Processing chicken meat
Raising of the young stock - Colostrum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of killing a bird (neck dislocation, sharp knife). Describe dressing of a bird's carcass. Explain proper slaughtering procedures with 12-hour starvation. Demonstrate packaging for market sale.

Topic review and teacher's demonstrations of humane killing methods. Practical demonstration of neck dislocation and knife cutting techniques using models. Step-by-step carcass dressing procedures (plucking, singeing, removing neck and crop, organ removal). Discussion on food safety, hygiene standards, and packaging in polythene bags. Problem-solving processing challenges and quality control. Cost calculation for processing operations and profit margins.

Demonstration models, Processing equipment models, Sharp knives (demonstration only), Safety and hygiene materials, Packaging materials, Processing cost calculation sheets
Artificial colostrum materials, Mixing equipment, Feeding bottles, Record sheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 23-25

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Methods of calf rearing
Weaning of calves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State merits and demerits of natural and artificial methods of calf rearing. Demonstrate bucket feeding training procedures.

Q/A comparing natural vs artificial calf rearing methods. Practical demonstration of bucket feeding training procedure. Cost-benefit analysis and problem-solving for method selection.

Rearing method charts, Clean buckets, Training demonstration materials, Cost analysis sheets
Weaning guide charts (Tables 2.1 & 2.2), Feed samples, Calculators, Planning worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 22-24

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Calf housing and replacement stock
Routine management practices
Factors affecting milk composition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of calf pens. Outline requirements for calf pens. Describe management of replacement stock.

Exposition on calf pen types and requirements. Practical design exercises for housing layouts. Discussion on replacement stock feeding and management. Planning comprehensive housing and feeding programs.

Calf house models, Design materials, Measuring tools, Management planning sheets
Management demonstration materials, Vaccination charts, Identification tools, Practice schedules
Milk composition charts, Breed comparison tables, Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 26-27

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk secretion and let-down
Clean milk production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe the structure of the mammary gland. Describe milk flow from alveoli to teat canal. Explain milk let-down process.

Drawing and labeling udder structure diagrams. Exposition on lactogenesis and hormone control. Discussion on let-down process, oxytocin effects, and factors affecting milk release.

Udder structure charts, Anatomical models, Drawing materials, Hormone function diagrams
Clean milk checklists, Hygiene demonstration materials, Quality standards charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 30-32

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milking materials and equipment
Milking procedure and technique

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
List down necessary milking materials and equipment. State purposes of milking equipment. Demonstrate proper use and maintenance.

Brain storming on milking equipment and materials. Practical demonstration of equipment use, cleaning, and maintenance. Cost analysis of equipment investment.

Milking equipment (strip cup, buckets, udder cloths, milking jelly), Maintenance guides
Live cow (if available), Milking equipment, Stopwatch, Record sheets, Technique guides

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 34-36

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Dry cow therapy and milk processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the concept of dry cow therapy. Name various milk products. Describe basic processing methods.

Explanations on dry cow therapy procedures and importance. Discussion on milk products and value addition. Economic analysis of processing vs fresh milk sales.

Dry cow therapy materials, Milk product samples, Processing demonstration equipment

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 37-38

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Marketing of milk and beef

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe marketing of milk, beef and their by-products in Kenya. Identify marketing channels. Calculate marketing costs.

Discussion on milk marketing through cooperatives and processors. Analysis of beef marketing channels (KMC, LMD, local slaughter houses). Cost-benefit calculations for different marketing options.

Marketing channel charts, Processor information, Cost analysis worksheets, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 38-40

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)

Milk handling and quality control
Dairy enterprise planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe proper milk filtration, cooling and storage. Explain prevention of milk flavors.

Practical demonstration of milk filtration and cooling to 5°C. Discussion on avoiding bad flavors from feeds and oxidation. Planning quality control systems.

Filters, Cooling equipment, Thermometers, Feed samples, Quality control materials
Enterprise planning templates, Cost worksheets, Business plan formats, Calculators

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 33-34

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE)
FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Record keeping and management
Sources of power in the farm - Human and animal power

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Design record keeping systems for dairy operations. Analyze production records for decision making.

Discussion on record importance. Practical design of breeding, production, health, and financial records. Analysis of sample data for management decisions.

Record forms, Sample data, Analysis worksheets, Filing systems
Charts showing power sources, Yoke models, Animal power demonstration materials, Power calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 21-40

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

Wind power, water power and biomass
Solar radiation, electrical power and fossil fuels
The tractor - Petrol and diesel engines
The four-stroke cycle engine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe wind power and water power uses on farms. Explain biomass sources including wood, charcoal and biogas. State advantages and disadvantages of biogas.

Discussion on wind power for winnowing and water pumping. Exposition on water power limitations and hydroelectric applications. Study of biomass sources and biogas production process. Analysis of biogas advantages and disadvantages.

Wind mill models, Water power diagrams, Biogas plant charts, Biomass samples
Solar heating system models, Battery demonstration materials, Fossil fuel samples, Energy conversion charts
Engine diagrams, Comparison tables, Engine parts models, Drawing materials
Four-stroke cycle diagrams, Engine stroke models, Demonstration materials, Cycle sequence charts

KLB Secondary Agriculture Form 4, Pages 40-43