Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Tools and Equipment - Tools for gardening tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify tools used for gardening tasks such as nursery bed preparation, transplanting and weeding
- Classify tools according to their uses in gardening activities
- Relate proper tool selection to efficiency in home gardening activities

- Observe and analyse tools used for gardening tasks including garden trowel, rake, secateurs, jembe and fork jembe
- Discuss the uses of each gardening tool
- Use digital devices to search for information on other gardening tools

What tools are commonly used in gardening activities?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 137
- Sample gardening tools
- Digital devices
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignment

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Tools and Equipment - Tools for livestock production tasks
Tools and Equipment - Tools for assembling and dissembling tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify tools and equipment used in livestock production tasks
- Describe the uses of livestock production tools such as feeding troughs, syringes and burdizzo
- Connect proper tool usage to improved animal welfare at home or community farms

- Study tools for livestock production including feeding trough, syringe and needle, hoof trimmer, drenching gun, burdizzo and elastrator
- Discuss how each tool is used in livestock management
- Watch video clips on proper use of livestock tools

How do tools improve efficiency in livestock management?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 138
- Sample livestock tools
- Video clips
- Charts showing tools
- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 140
- Sample assembling tools
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstration

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Tools and Equipment - Practical use of gardening tools
Tools and Equipment - Practical use of livestock and construction tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select appropriate tools for nursery bed preparation
- Carry out nursery bed preparation using correct tools
- Experience the difference proper tools make in reducing physical strain during gardening

- Prepare a nursery bed using appropriate tools such as jembe, panga and rake
- Construct a shade over the nursery bed
- List all tools and equipment used in the process

How do we select and use appropriate tools for nursery bed preparation?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 141
- School farm
- Gardening tools
- Construction materials
- Timber pieces
- Assembling tools
- Nearby farm

- Observation of practical activities - Checklist - Oral assessment

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Tools and Equipment - Cleaning, sharpening and lubrication
Tools and Equipment - Repairing, replacing and tightening parts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe maintenance practices including cleaning, sharpening and lubrication
- Carry out cleaning, sharpening and lubrication of selected tools
- Recognise how regular maintenance extends tool lifespan and saves replacement costs

- Clean tools by scraping or wiping off dirt and rust
- Sharpen cutting edges using metal file or sharpening stone
- Apply machine oil on moving parts of wheelbarrows and sprayers

Why is regular maintenance of tools important?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 142
- Tools requiring maintenance
- Metal file
- Machine oil
- Grease
- Tools requiring repair
- Spanners
- Paint
- Replacement parts

- Observation - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Tools and Equipment - Safety and proper storage
Product Processing and Value Addition - Introduction to value addition methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain safety measures when using tools and equipment
- Demonstrate proper storage of tools and equipment
- Relate safety practices to prevention of injuries in everyday farm work

- Use appropriate personal protective equipment when handling tools
- Maintain safe distance when using cutting tools
- Store tools appropriately on racks in dry places
- Discuss proper connection of power tools

How do we ensure safety when using and storing tools?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 143
- Personal protective equipment
- Tool storage rack
- Power tools
- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 146
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignment

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Product Processing and Value Addition - Jam making and peanut butter processing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the process of jam making using ripe fruits
- Explain peanut butter processing from groundnuts
- Connect value addition skills to potential home-based income generation

- Discuss jam making process: crushing fruits, mixing with sugar, cooking to thick consistency
- Discuss peanut butter processing: roasting, grinding to paste, mixing with oil and salt
- Study packaging of these products

How are jam and peanut butter processed from raw produce?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 147
- Sample products
- Video clips
- Processing equipment pictures

- Oral questions - Written test - Group discussion

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Product Processing and Value Addition - Juice processing practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the juice processing procedure
- Process juice from available fruits such as mangoes
- Experience the satisfaction of transforming raw fruits into a consumable product

- Wash hands and fruits thoroughly
- Peel and cut fruits into small pieces
- Blend fruits with water to desired consistency
- Sieve, sweeten and store the juice

How do we process juice from fresh fruits?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 149
- Fresh fruits (mangoes)
- Blender
- Sieve
- Storage containers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Product evaluation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Product Processing and Value Addition - Ketchup making practical

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the ketchup making process
- Process ketchup from tomatoes
- Relate ketchup making to reducing tomato spoilage during surplus seasons

- Wash and chop tomatoes, cook with water until soft
- Blend and sieve to remove seeds and skin
- Add vinegar, salt, onion and pepper, cook until thick
- Store in sterilised jars

How do we make ketchup from tomatoes?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 150
- Ripe tomatoes
- Cooking equipment
- Vinegar, salt, spices
- Storage jars

- Practical assessment - Observation - Product quality check

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Product Processing and Value Addition - Flour and crisps making

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the flour making process from cereals and tubers
- Explain the crisps making process from potatoes and cassava
- Connect processing skills to entrepreneurship opportunities in local markets

- Discuss flour making: drying, milling and sieving to fine powder
- Discuss crisps making: peeling, slicing thinly, deep frying or baking
- Study packaging methods for flour and crisps

How are flour and crisps processed from raw produce?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 148
- Sample products
- Processing equipment pictures
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Group presentation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Product Processing and Value Addition - Packaging methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify packaging materials for value-added products
- Package processed products using appropriate materials
- Recognise how attractive packaging influences customer purchasing decisions

- Visit market outlets to observe packaging methods
- Study sealable sachets, reusable bottles and paper bags
- Package processed products from previous activities
- Discuss factors to consider when selecting packaging materials

What packaging materials are suitable for different products?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 151
- Sealable sachets
- Reusable bottles
- Paper bags
- Processed products

- Practical assessment - Observation - Product display

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Product Processing and Value Addition - Branding and labelling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Design labels for processed products
- Create brand identity for agricultural products
- Connect branding skills to building customer loyalty and repeat purchases

- Design labels showing product name, ingredients, weight and contact information
- Create brand names and logos for processed products
- Arrange products for class display
- Discuss how branding attracts customers

How do we brand and label agricultural products?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 152
- Label making materials
- Marker pens
- Packaged products

- Practical assessment - Product display evaluation - Peer assessment

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Product Processing and Value Addition - Ethics in value addition

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain ethical concerns in processing and value addition
- Describe consumer rights in relation to processed products
- Relate ethical practices to building trust and sustainable business relationships

- Discuss hygiene practices in value addition
- Explain importance of truthful information on labels
- Discuss consumer rights to correct information about ingredients
- Explain consequences of counterfeit processing

What ethical practices should be observed in value addition?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 153
- Sample product labels
- Consumer protection guidelines
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Class discussion

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Land as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define factors of production in agricultural enterprises
- Explain land as a primary factor of production
- Connect land quality considerations to successful crop and livestock farming in the community

- Discuss the four factors of production: land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship
- Explain land as a natural resource including soil and water
- Discuss key considerations for land acquisition and rights
- Explore ways of improving land productivity

Why is land important in establishing agricultural enterprises?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 154
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Group discussion

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Labour as a factor of production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain labour as a factor of production
- Describe considerations for labour in agricultural enterprises
- Relate labour management skills to running a successful farm business

- Discuss physical and managerial labour in agriculture
- Explore labour availability, skills and seasonality
- Discuss cost of labour and government policies
- Explain ways of improving labour productivity

How does labour influence agricultural enterprise success?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 155
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Case studies

- Oral questions - Written test - Class presentation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Capital and entrepreneurship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain capital and entrepreneurship as factors of production
- Describe the role of capital in agricultural enterprises
- Link entrepreneurial skills to innovation and problem-solving in farming

- Discuss capital requirements for agricultural enterprises
- Explain entrepreneurship and management skills needed
- Discuss how factors of production work together
- Present on the role of each factor in establishing enterprises

What roles do capital and entrepreneurship play in agriculture?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 156
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Reference materials

- Written assignment - Oral questions - Group presentation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Sources of capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ways of acquiring capital for agricultural enterprises
- Explain various sources of capital including savings, loans and grants
- Recognise the importance of financial planning before starting a farm business

- Discuss with a resource person ways of acquiring capital
- Explore savings, bank loans, cooperative loans and AFC financing
- Discuss grants, donations and inheritance as capital sources
- Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of each source

How can farmers acquire capital for agricultural enterprises?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 157
- Resource person
- Digital resources
- Financial institution brochures

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Group discussion

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Infrastructure and inputs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the role of physical infrastructure in agricultural enterprises
- Describe input considerations when selecting an enterprise
- Connect infrastructure availability to practical business location decisions

- Discuss role of transportation networks, roads and storage facilities
- Explore availability, quality and cost of inputs
- Discuss access to reliable input suppliers
- Search for information on infrastructure requirements

How do infrastructure and inputs influence enterprise selection?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 158
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
- Case studies

- Oral questions - Written test - Research report

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Market considerations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain market research for agricultural enterprises
- Describe factors to consider in market analysis
- Link market demand understanding to profitable enterprise selection

- Discuss target market preferences and purchasing behaviours
- Analyse market size, growth potential and competition
- Explore government policies and legal requirements
- Conduct simple market research for a selected enterprise

What market factors should be considered when selecting an enterprise?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 159
- Digital resources
- Market survey forms
- Agricultural magazines

- Written assignment - Market survey report - Group presentation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Production techniques and legal requirements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain production techniques in enterprise selection
- Describe legal requirements for agricultural enterprises
- Relate compliance with regulations to sustainable business operations

- Discuss available technology and production methods
- Explore government policies on land, environment and animal welfare
- Discuss licensing and registration requirements
- Search for information on legal requirements for various enterprises

What production and legal factors affect enterprise selection?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 160
- Digital resources
- Government policy documents
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Research report

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Integrating factors for enterprise success

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyse how factors of production work together
- Evaluate the role of each factor in enterprise success
- Apply factor analysis skills to planning a potential agricultural business

- Discuss and present on integration of land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship
- Analyse case studies of successful agricultural enterprises
- Develop a simple plan for a potential enterprise
- Make class presentations on enterprise planning

How do factors of production integrate for enterprise success?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 161
- Case study materials
- Planning templates
- Digital resources

- Class presentation - Written report - Peer evaluation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Establishing Agricultural Enterprise - Developing an enterprise plan

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Develop a simple agricultural enterprise plan
- Present an enterprise proposal
- Experience the planning process required to start a real business venture

- Select a suitable agricultural enterprise based on local conditions
- Develop enterprise details including inputs, labour and market
- Prepare a simple budget for the enterprise
- Present enterprise proposals to class

How do we develop a plan for an agricultural enterprise?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 161
- Enterprise planning templates
- Budget templates
- Reference materials

- Project report - Oral presentation - Written evaluation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Marketing Agricultural Produce - Sorting and grading

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of preparing crop produce for marketing
- Describe sorting and grading of agricultural produce
- Recognise how quality presentation increases selling prices in local markets

- Discuss what customers look for when purchasing produce
- Explain sorting to remove damaged produce from quality ones
- Describe grading produce into categories by size, colour or quality
- Visit a market to observe sorting and grading practices

Why is sorting and grading important in marketing produce?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 163
- Sample agricultural produce
- Local market
- Questionnaire

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Market visit report

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Marketing Agricultural Produce - Weighing and packaging

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of weighing produce for marketing
- Describe packaging methods for different produce
- Connect accurate weighing to fair trade practices between farmers and buyers

- Discuss weighing produce in grams, kilograms or tonnes
- Explain packaging in various sizes to meet customer preferences
- Study packaging of flour in 0.5 kg, 1 kg and 2 kg sachets
- Practise weighing and packaging selected produce

How do we weigh and package produce for different customers?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 164
- Weighing scales
- Packaging materials
- Sample produce

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Marketing Agricultural Produce - Labelling and branding
Marketing Agricultural Produce - Practical preparation of produce

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of labelling agricultural produce
- Describe branding of agricultural products
- Relate branding to building customer trust and repeat business

- Discuss information on labels: weight, ingredients, dates and contacts
- Explain brand names, logos and colours for product identity
- Design labels and brands for packaged produce
- Discuss how branding develops customer loyalty

How do labelling and branding attract customers?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 165
- Sample labels
- Label making materials
- Packaged products
- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 166
- Agricultural produce
- Packaging materials
- Display area

- Practical assessment - Label design evaluation - Oral questions

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Marketing Agricultural Produce - Physical market outlets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify physical market outlets for agricultural produce
- Describe different types of physical markets
- Connect market selection to maximising returns on farm produce

- Discuss open-air markets and market days
- Explore door-to-door marketing to households, hotels and institutions
- Discuss export markets through cooperatives and export companies
- Explain contractual marketing and its advantages

What physical market outlets are available for agricultural produce?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 167
- Digital resources
- Market information
- Case studies

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Group discussion

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Marketing Agricultural Produce - Digital market outlets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify digital platforms for marketing agricultural produce
- Describe how digital marketing works
- Relate digital marketing skills to reaching wider customer bases beyond local areas

- Discuss social media forums for marketing produce
- Explore online tender applications for institutional supply
- Study established online trading platforms
- Discuss the role of digital brokers in connecting buyers and sellers

How can digital platforms be used to market agricultural produce?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 168
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Online platform examples

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Online research report

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Marketing Agricultural Produce - Costs in marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify expenses incurred in marketing agricultural produce
- Calculate marketing costs for selected produce
- Apply cost analysis to determine profitability of selling produce at different markets

- Discuss preparation expenses: labour, sorting, packaging materials
- Explore transport costs: fuel, hiring, loading and levies
- Discuss market access fees: entry, stall and space fees
- Explain advertisement and promotion costs

What expenses are incurred when marketing agricultural produce?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 169
- Cost calculation sheets
- Market fee schedules
- Case studies

- Written assignment - Cost calculation exercise - Oral questions

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Marketing Agricultural Produce - Evaluating marketing profitability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Calculate net worth from marketing produce
- Evaluate profitability of marketing activities
- Use financial analysis skills to make informed decisions about where and how to sell produce

- Calculate total sales from marketing produce
- Subtract total marketing expenses from sales
- Determine net worth or profit from marketing
- Compare profitability of different market outlets

How do we determine if marketing produce is profitable?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 170
- Calculation worksheets
- Sample marketing data
- Calculators

- Written test - Calculation exercise - Case study analysis

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Composting Techniques - Introduction to composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define composting and its purpose
- Identify materials suitable for composting
- Connect composting to reducing kitchen and farm waste while improving soil fertility

- Define composting as decomposition of organic waste into manure
- Discuss suitable materials: crop residues, kitchen waste, livestock manure
- Identify materials to avoid: plastic, metal, diseased plants, pet waste
- Use digital resources to search for composting information

What is composting and what materials are used?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 171
- Digital devices
- Sample organic materials
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Group discussion

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Composting Techniques - Heap method of composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the heap method of composting
- Explain the arrangement of materials in a compost heap
- Relate heap composting to practical soil improvement on home farms

- Discuss heap method as piling materials above ground
- Explain layering: rough materials, green materials, manure, topsoil, ash
- Discuss the 4-heap method of composting
- Explain monitoring temperature and moisture

How is compost made using the heap method?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 173
- Composting site
- Organic materials
- Diagrams and charts

- Oral questions - Written test - Diagram labelling

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Composting Techniques - Pit method of composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the pit method (Indore method) of composting
- Compare pit and heap methods of composting
- Apply knowledge of local rainfall patterns to select appropriate composting methods

- Discuss pit method as composting in dug pits
- Explain arrangement of materials similar to heap method
- Compare advantages of pit method for dry areas
- Discuss transferring materials between pits

How does pit method differ from heap method?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 175
- Diagrams of pit method
- Reference materials
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Comparison chart

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Composting Techniques - Practical composting using conventional methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Carry out composting using heap or pit method
- Monitor the composting process
- Experience the practical process of converting waste into valuable soil amendment

- Select a suitable site for composting
- Collect and arrange organic materials in layers
- Add water to moisten materials and cover the heap/pit
- Monitor temperature using a pointed stick
- Turn materials regularly for aeration

How do we carry out composting practically?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 173
- Composting site
- Organic materials
- Garden tools
- Covering materials

- Practical assessment - Observation - Project portfolio

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Composting Techniques - Quality factors in composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain factors that influence the quality of compost
- Describe characteristics of quality compost
- Apply quality assessment skills to evaluate compost readiness for garden use

- Discuss carbon to nitrogen ratio (25:1 to 30:1) for optimal decomposition
- Explain importance of material size, aeration and moisture
- Discuss temperature requirements (60-65°C)
- Describe characteristics of ready compost: dark colour, earthy smell, crumbly texture

What factors determine the quality of compost?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 175
- Compost samples
- Reference materials
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written test - Compost evaluation

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Composting Techniques - Vermicomposting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe vermicomposting using earthworms
- Explain the process of preparing vermicompost
- Recognise vermicomposting as a faster method suitable for small-scale urban and peri-urban gardeners

- Discuss epigeic earthworms (red wrigglers) used in vermicomposting
- Explain bed preparation and layering of materials
- Discuss introducing earthworms and monitoring conditions
- Explain harvesting vermicompost and vermiwash

How is vermicomposting carried out?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 177
- Video clips
- Digital resources
- Diagrams

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Process description

Agricultural Technologies and Entrepreneurship

Composting Techniques - Containerised composting
Composting Techniques - Benefits and application of compost

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe containerised composting methods
- Explain advantages of container composting
- Connect containerised composting to space-saving solutions for urban home gardens

- Discuss using plastic bins, wooden boxes or wire cylinders for composting
- Explain making drainage and ventilation holes
- Discuss basket composting for vegetable gardens
- Compare advantages of containerised composting

How is composting done using containers?

- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 180
- Containers for composting
- Video clips
- Diagrams
- MTP Agriculture Learner's Book pg. 182
- Compost manure
- Crop enterprise
- Garden tools

- Oral questions - Written assignment - Practical demonstration