Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Meaning of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Branches of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Importance of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Relationship to other fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain Physics as a body of knowledge in science
- Outline how Physics studies matter and energy
- Relate Physics to real-life examples like vehicles, heating or lighting
- Outline the importance of Physics in day-to-day life
- Explain how Physics relates to technology
- Connect Physics concepts to everyday devices like phones and vehicles

- Work with others to search for the meaning of Physics as a branch of science
- Discuss the meaning of Physics in groups
- Share findings with the class
- Discuss with peers the importance of Physics in day-to-day life
- Share findings with the class
- Give examples of Physics applications

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 2
- Charts showing branches of Physics
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 3
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Real-life examples
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 4
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Oral questions - Group presentations - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Career opportunities
Introduction to Physics - Career charts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify possible career opportunities in Physics
- Describe job roles related to Physics
- Relate Physics knowledge to careers like engineering and research

- Engage resource person(s) or use print/non-print media to search for career opportunities in Physics
- Discuss career opportunities in groups
- Take notes on findings

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 6
- Digital devices
- Resource persons
- Career charts
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Colored pencils

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Existence of atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe atmospheric pressure as used in Physics
- Explain how air exerts pressure
- Relate atmospheric pressure to weather and daily life

- Discuss with peers the meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Share examples of atmospheric pressure effects
- Record findings in exercise books

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 8-9
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 9-12
- Syringes
- Metal cans
- Drinking glasses
- Cardboard

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Factors affecting pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate factors affecting pressure in liquids
- Explain how depth affects pressure
- Relate pressure to real-world applications like dams

- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting pressure in fluids
- Observe water jets from holes at different depths
- Record and discuss observations

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 12-16
- Plastic bottles
- Water
- Nails
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Application of P=ρgh
Pressure - Gas pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply the equation P=ρgh to determine pressure in fluids
- Calculate pressure at different depths
- Solve numerical problems on pressure
- Explain pressure due to gases
- Investigate factors affecting gas pressure
- Relate gas pressure to temperature and volume

- Carry out experiments to derive the equation P=ρgh
- Use the equation to solve problems
- Discuss the relationship between pressure, density and depth
- Carry out activities to investigate pressure due to gases
- Discuss factors affecting gas pressure
- Observe demonstrations of gas pressure

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 16-18
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 18-19
- Balloons
- Syringes
- U-tubes
- Weights

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Pascal's Principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate transmission of pressure in fluids
- Explain Pascal's Principle
- Relate pressure transmission to hydraulic systems

- Demonstrate the principle of transmission of pressure in fluids using syringes
- Discuss Pascal's Principle
- Record observations

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 19-22
- Syringes
- Rubber tubing
- Water
- Masses

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Applications of atmospheric pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how drinking straws work
- Describe the working of a siphon
- Appreciate applications of atmospheric pressure

- Discuss with peers applications of atmospheric pressure
- Demonstrate use of drinking straw and siphon
- Explain the principles involved

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 22-24
- Drinking straws
- Long tubes
- Water containers
- Glasses

- Observation - Oral questions - Demonstrations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Bicycle pump

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how a bicycle pump works
- Describe the role of valves in pumps
- Relate bicycle pumps to pressure principles

- Study pictures of bicycle pumps
- Discuss how atmospheric pressure helps pump air
- Explain the working principle

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24
- Bicycle pump
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Hydraulic press and lift
Pressure - Hydraulic brake system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how hydraulic machines work
- Calculate forces in hydraulic systems
- Appreciate hydraulic machines in lifting heavy loads
- Explain how hydraulic brakes work
- Describe the importance of brake fluid
- Appreciate safety in vehicles through proper braking

- Use digital devices to search for information on hydraulic machines
- Discuss the working principle
- Solve numerical problems
- Visit a nearby garage and observe the braking system
- Discuss with resource persons how brakes work
- Draw and label the hydraulic brake system

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24-26
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 26-28
- Resource persons
- Pictures of brake systems
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem solving
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Lift and force pumps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe water pumping mechanisms
- Explain the working of lift and force pumps
- Compare lift pumps and force pumps

- Use digital devices to search for information on water pumping
- Discuss the working of lift and force pumps
- Draw and label pump diagrams

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 28-30
- Digital devices
- Pump diagrams
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Drawings

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Review of concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Solve problems on pressure
- Apply pressure concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of pressure applications

- Solve numerical problems on pressure
- Answer questions on applications
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 30
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain mechanical properties of materials
- Identify different properties like ductility and malleability
- Relate properties to material selection

- Discuss with peers the mechanical properties of locally available materials
- Examine different materials
- Record observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 31-32
- Various materials (paper, chalk, metal)
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Ductility and malleability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate ductility in materials
- Demonstrate malleability in materials
- Appreciate these properties in wire and sheet making

- Carry out activities to demonstrate ductility by stretching wires
- Demonstrate malleability by hammering metals
- Compare different materials

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 32-34
- Copper wire
- Aluminum foil
- Hammer
- Safety goggles

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and brittleness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate elasticity in materials
- Demonstrate brittleness in materials
- Relate these properties to real-life applications

- Carry out activities to demonstrate elasticity using rubber bands
- Demonstrate brittleness using chalk
- Discuss observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 34-36
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Chalk
- Glass pieces

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Other properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain strength, hardness and stiffness
- Demonstrate these properties using materials
- Appreciate importance in construction and engineering

- Carry out activities to demonstrate strength, hardness and stiffness
- Compare different materials
- Discuss applications

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 36-38
- Various materials
- Nails
- Wooden blocks
- Metal pieces

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define tensile stress and strain
- Calculate stress and strain using formulas
- Solve numerical problems

- Discuss the meaning of tensile stress and strain
- Use mathematical formulae: Stress=F/A, Strain=ΔL/Lo
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law
Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain Hooke's Law
- Verify Hooke's Law experimentally
- Relate extension to applied force
- Verify Hooke's Law through experiments
- Determine the elastic limit
- Calculate spring constant from graphs

- Carry out activities to demonstrate Hooke's Law using springs
- Plot graphs of force against extension
- Determine spring constant
- Carry out experiments to verify Hooke's Law
- Record data in tables
- Plot and analyze graphs

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Springs
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests
- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain modulus of elasticity
- Calculate Young's Modulus using Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to determine modulus of elasticity
- Use the formula Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Solve problems on mechanical properties
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of stress, strain and elasticity

- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of temperature
- Identify units of temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
- Relate temperature to hotness and coldness
- Describe liquid expansion devices
- Explain how mercury and alcohol thermometers work
- Compare properties of thermometric liquids

- Discuss with peers the meaning of temperature
- Place hands in warm and cold water to feel temperature differences
- Record observations
- Carry out activities to measure temperature using mercury and alcohol thermometers
- Observe liquid expansion in thermometers
- Compare the two thermometers

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how thermocouples work
- Describe resistive temperature devices
- Appreciate modern temperature measurement

- Use print/non-print media to search for information on thermocouples and RTDs
- Discuss how they measure temperature
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures
- Explain linear expansivity
- Compare expansion rates of different metals
- Calculate linear expansivity

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion of different metals (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Compare expansion using a pointer
- Record observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Heat source
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests
- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain linear expansivity
- Compare expansion rates of different metals
- Calculate linear expansivity

- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion of different metals (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Compare expansion using a pointer
- Record observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Heat source
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life
- Investigate thermal expansion in gases
- Demonstrate gas expansion using balloon and bottle
- Relate gas expansion to hot air balloons

- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion in gases
- Attach balloon to bottle and place in hot/cold water
- Observe balloon size changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Ice

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain expansion gaps in railway lines
- Describe thermal expansion in steel bridges
- Appreciate expansion considerations in construction

- Discuss expansion gaps in railway lines
- Explain bridge design with rollers
- Use digital media to view examples

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations