Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Introduction to Physics - Meaning of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Branches of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Importance of Physics
Introduction to Physics - Relationship to other fields
Introduction to Physics - Career opportunities
Introduction to Physics - Career charts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain Physics as a body of knowledge in science
- Outline how Physics studies matter and energy
- Relate Physics to real-life examples like vehicles, heating or lighting
- Outline the importance of Physics in day-to-day life
- Explain how Physics relates to technology
- Connect Physics concepts to everyday devices like phones and vehicles

- Work with others to search for the meaning of Physics as a branch of science
- Discuss the meaning of Physics in groups
- Share findings with the class
- Discuss with peers the importance of Physics in day-to-day life
- Share findings with the class
- Give examples of Physics applications

How is Physics relevant in day-to-day life?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 2
- Charts showing branches of Physics
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 3
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Real-life examples
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 4
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 6
- Resource persons
- Career charts
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Colored pencils

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Oral questions - Group presentations - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Existence of atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Factors affecting pressure
Pressure - Application of P=ρgh

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe atmospheric pressure as used in Physics
- Explain how air exerts pressure
- Relate atmospheric pressure to weather and daily life

- Discuss with peers the meaning of atmospheric pressure
- Share examples of atmospheric pressure effects
- Record findings in exercise books

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 8-9
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 9-12
- Syringes
- Metal cans
- Drinking glasses
- Cardboard
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 12-16
- Plastic bottles
- Water
- Nails
- Measuring tape
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 16-18
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Gas pressure
Pressure - Pascal's Principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain pressure due to gases
- Investigate factors affecting gas pressure
- Relate gas pressure to temperature and volume

- Carry out activities to investigate pressure due to gases
- Discuss factors affecting gas pressure
- Observe demonstrations of gas pressure

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 18-19
- Balloons
- Syringes
- U-tubes
- Weights
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 19-22
- Rubber tubing
- Water
- Masses

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Applications of atmospheric pressure
Pressure - Bicycle pump

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how drinking straws work
- Describe the working of a siphon
- Appreciate applications of atmospheric pressure

- Discuss with peers applications of atmospheric pressure
- Demonstrate use of drinking straw and siphon
- Explain the principles involved

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 22-24
- Drinking straws
- Long tubes
- Water containers
- Glasses
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24
- Bicycle pump
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Demonstrations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Pressure - Hydraulic press and lift
Pressure - Hydraulic brake system
Pressure - Lift and force pumps
Pressure - Review of concepts
Mechanical Properties - Introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how hydraulic machines work
- Calculate forces in hydraulic systems
- Appreciate hydraulic machines in lifting heavy loads
- Solve problems on pressure
- Apply pressure concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of pressure applications

- Use digital devices to search for information on hydraulic machines
- Discuss the working principle
- Solve numerical problems
- Solve numerical problems on pressure
- Answer questions on applications
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do density of fluid, acceleration due to gravity and depth affect pressure?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 24-26
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 26-28
- Resource persons
- Pictures of brake systems
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 28-30
- Pump diagrams
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 30
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 31-32
- Various materials (paper, chalk, metal)
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem solving
- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Ductility and malleability
Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and brittleness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate ductility in materials
- Demonstrate malleability in materials
- Appreciate these properties in wire and sheet making

- Carry out activities to demonstrate ductility by stretching wires
- Demonstrate malleability by hammering metals
- Compare different materials

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 32-34
- Copper wire
- Aluminum foil
- Hammer
- Safety goggles
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 34-36
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Chalk
- Glass pieces

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Other properties
Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain strength, hardness and stiffness
- Demonstrate these properties using materials
- Appreciate importance in construction and engineering

- Carry out activities to demonstrate strength, hardness and stiffness
- Compare different materials
- Discuss applications

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 36-38
- Various materials
- Nails
- Wooden blocks
- Metal pieces
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law
Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments
Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain Hooke's Law
- Verify Hooke's Law experimentally
- Relate extension to applied force

- Carry out activities to demonstrate Hooke's Law using springs
- Plot graphs of force against extension
- Determine spring constant

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications
Mechanical Properties - Review
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering
- Explain the meaning of temperature
- Identify units of temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
- Relate temperature to hotness and coldness

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class
- Discuss with peers the meaning of temperature
- Place hands in warm and cold water to feel temperature differences
- Record observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?
Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life
- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?
Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Pictures of thermostats

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests
- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force
Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points
Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems
- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points
- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Screw
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load
Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Charts
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems
- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved
- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Pictures of levers

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Charts

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment