Numbers and Algebra

Real Numbers - Odd and even numbers
Real Numbers - Prime numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define odd and even numbers
- Classify whole numbers as odd or even by examining the ones place value
- Use classification of odd and even numbers to solve everyday sharing and grouping problems

- Discuss with peers the meaning of odd and even numbers
- Classify given numbers by examining the digit in the ones place value
- Sort numbers from real-life contexts such as workshop inventories into odd and even categories

How do we determine whether a whole number is odd or even?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 1
- Number cards
- Charts
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 3

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Real Numbers - Composite numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define a composite number
- Distinguish composite numbers from prime numbers by listing factors
- Relate composite numbers to real-life situations such as grouping items equally in different ways

- Discuss the meaning of composite numbers
- List factors of given numbers and identify those with more than two factors
- Classify numbers as prime or composite from real-life scenarios

How do composite numbers differ from prime numbers?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 5
- Number cards
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Real Numbers - Rational and irrational numbers
Real Numbers - Reciprocal of real numbers by division

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define rational and irrational numbers
- Classify real numbers as rational or irrational by expressing them as decimals
- Relate rational and irrational numbers to real-life measurements such as lengths and areas

- Use digital devices or other resources to find the meaning of rational and irrational numbers
- Express given numbers as decimals and classify them as terminating, recurring, or non-terminating
- Categorise numbers as rational or irrational

How do we distinguish rational numbers from irrational numbers?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 6
- Calculators
- Digital devices
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 8
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Real Numbers - Reciprocal of real numbers using tables

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Read reciprocals of numbers from mathematical tables
- Determine reciprocals of numbers in standard form using tables
- Use reciprocal tables to solve problems involving fuel consumption and wave frequency

- Discuss the features and columns of the table of reciprocals
- Read reciprocals of numbers between 1 and 10 directly from tables
- Express numbers less than 1 or greater than 10 in standard form and determine their reciprocals using tables

How do we use mathematical tables to find reciprocals?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 9
- Mathematical tables

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Real Numbers - Reciprocal of real numbers using calculators
Real Numbers - Application of reciprocals in computations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the reciprocal button on a scientific calculator
- Determine reciprocals of real numbers using a calculator
- Use calculators to solve real-life problems involving reciprocals such as subdividing land and cutting materials

- Identify the reciprocal button (x⁻¹ or 1/x) on the calculator
- Key in numbers and use the reciprocal function to determine their reciprocals
- Compare calculator results with those obtained from tables

Why is a calculator useful in finding reciprocals of numbers?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 12
- Scientific calculators
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 13
- Mathematical tables
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Numbers in index form

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the base and index of a number in index form
- Express numbers as products of prime factors and write them in index form
- Relate index form to real-life contexts such as expressing large populations and tree planting records

- Discuss how to express numbers in index form
- Express given numbers as products of prime factors and write in power form
- Identify the base and index in given expressions

Why do we write numbers in index form?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 15
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Multiplication law of indices
Indices and Logarithms - Division law of indices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the multiplication law of indices
- Simplify expressions by adding indices with the same base during multiplication
- Apply the multiplication law to calculate areas and volumes in real-life contexts such as rooms and swimming pools

- Discuss and derive the multiplication law of indices
- Simplify given expressions using the multiplication law
- Determine areas and volumes of shapes expressed in index form

What happens to the indices when we multiply numbers with the same base?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 16
- Charts
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 17

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Powers, zero index and negative indices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply the power of indices rule, zero index rule, and negative index rule
- Simplify expressions involving powers of indices, zero index, and negative indices
- Relate zero and negative indices to real-life contexts such as bacteria growth models and financial processing fees

- Discuss and derive the rules for powers of indices, zero index, and negative indices
- Simplify expressions such as (aᵐ)ⁿ, a⁰, and a⁻ⁿ
- Evaluate expressions involving zero and negative indices

How do we simplify expressions with zero or negative indices?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 19
- Charts
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Fractional indices and application of laws
Indices and Logarithms - Powers of 10 and common logarithms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Express roots of numbers as fractional indices
- Simplify and evaluate expressions involving fractional indices
- Use laws of indices to solve equations and real-life problems involving plant growth and distance calculations

- Discuss and derive the rule for fractional indices
- Simplify expressions involving fractional indices
- Apply all laws of indices to solve equations and evaluate expressions

How do we use fractional indices to represent roots?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 22
- Calculators
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 26
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Logarithms of numbers between 1 and 10

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Read logarithms of numbers between 1 and 10 from mathematical tables
- Determine logarithms using the main columns and mean difference columns
- Express real-life measurements such as mass and density in the form 10ⁿ using tables

- Discuss the features of the logarithm table
- Read logarithms of numbers with 2, 3, and 4 significant figures from tables
- Express given quantities in the form 10ⁿ

How do we read logarithms of numbers from tables?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 27
- Mathematical tables

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Logarithms of numbers greater than 10
Indices and Logarithms - Logarithms of numbers less than 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine logarithms of numbers greater than 10 using standard form and tables
- Identify the characteristic and mantissa of a logarithm
- Express real-life measurements such as diameters and forces in the form 10ⁿ

- Express numbers greater than 10 in standard form (A × 10ⁿ)
- Read the logarithm of A from tables and add the index n
- Identify the characteristic and mantissa parts of logarithms

How do we find logarithms of numbers greater than 10?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 29
- Mathematical tables
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 30

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Antilogarithms using tables

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define antilogarithm as the reverse of a logarithm
- Determine antilogarithms of numbers using tables of antilogarithms
- Use antilogarithms to find actual values from logarithmic results in practical calculations

- Discuss antilogarithm as the reverse process of finding a logarithm
- Use tables of antilogarithms to determine numbers whose logarithms are given
- Determine antilogarithms of numbers with positive and negative (bar) characteristics

How do we use antilogarithm tables to find numbers?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 31
- Mathematical tables
- Antilogarithm tables

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Antilogarithms using tables

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define antilogarithm as the reverse of a logarithm
- Determine antilogarithms of numbers using tables of antilogarithms
- Use antilogarithms to find actual values from logarithmic results in practical calculations

- Discuss antilogarithm as the reverse process of finding a logarithm
- Use tables of antilogarithms to determine numbers whose logarithms are given
- Determine antilogarithms of numbers with positive and negative (bar) characteristics

How do we use antilogarithm tables to find numbers?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 31
- Mathematical tables
- Antilogarithm tables

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Logarithms and antilogarithms using calculators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine logarithms and antilogarithms of numbers using a calculator
- Use the log and shift-log buttons to find logarithms and antilogarithms
- Compare calculator results with table values to build confidence in using digital tools for computation

- Identify the log button on a scientific calculator
- Determine logarithms and antilogarithms of numbers by keying values into the calculator
- Compare results obtained from calculators with those from tables

How do we use calculators to find logarithms and antilogarithms?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 33
- Scientific calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Multiplication and division using logarithms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use logarithms to multiply and divide numbers
- Apply the steps of finding logarithms, adding or subtracting them, and finding the antilogarithm
- Solve real-life multiplication and division problems efficiently using logarithms

- Determine logarithms of numbers, add them to perform multiplication, and find the antilogarithm of the sum
- Determine logarithms, subtract them to perform division, and find the antilogarithm of the difference
- Arrange solutions in a table format

How do logarithms simplify multiplication and division?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 35
- Mathematical tables
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Powers and roots using logarithms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use logarithms to evaluate powers and roots of numbers
- Multiply or divide logarithms by the index to find powers or roots
- Use logarithms to solve real-life problems involving squares, cubes, and roots

- Determine the logarithm of a number and multiply by the power to evaluate squares and cubes
- Divide the logarithm by the root order to evaluate square and cube roots
- Make the bar characteristic exactly divisible when dividing logarithms with bar notation

How do logarithms help in finding powers and roots of numbers?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 37
- Mathematical tables
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Powers and roots using logarithms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use logarithms to evaluate powers and roots of numbers
- Multiply or divide logarithms by the index to find powers or roots
- Use logarithms to solve real-life problems involving squares, cubes, and roots

- Determine the logarithm of a number and multiply by the power to evaluate squares and cubes
- Divide the logarithm by the root order to evaluate square and cube roots
- Make the bar characteristic exactly divisible when dividing logarithms with bar notation

How do logarithms help in finding powers and roots of numbers?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 37
- Mathematical tables
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Indices and Logarithms - Combined operations using logarithms
Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Formation of quadratic expressions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use logarithms to evaluate expressions involving combined operations of multiplication, division, powers, and roots
- Organise logarithmic computations systematically in a table format
- Apply logarithms to solve complex real-life calculations involving multiple operations

- Add logarithms of the numerator and denominator separately
- Subtract the sum of denominator logarithms from the sum of numerator logarithms
- Find the antilogarithm of the result to obtain the final answer

How do we use logarithms to evaluate complex expressions?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 38
- Mathematical tables
- Calculators
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 40
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Quadratic identities (a+b)² and (a−b)²

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Derive the quadratic identities (a+b)² = a²+2ab+b² and (a−b)² = a²−2ab+b² using the concept of area
- Expand expressions using the identities
- Relate the identities to calculating areas of square floors, parking lots, and table mats

- Draw a square of side (a+b) and divide it into regions to derive (a+b)²
- Draw a square of side a and cut out regions to derive (a−b)²
- Use the identities to expand given expressions

How do we derive and use the identities (a+b)² and (a−b)²?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 43
- Rulers
- Graph papers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Difference of two squares identity and numerical applications
Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Factorisation when coefficient of x² is one

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Derive the identity (a+b)(a−b) = a²−b² using the concept of area of a rectangle
- Apply quadratic identities to evaluate numerical expressions mentally
- Use identities to quickly calculate areas of ranch lands, gardens, and metal plates

- Draw a rectangle with sides (a+b) and (a−b) and derive the difference of two squares
- Use identities to evaluate numerical squares such as 25², 82², and products like 1024 × 976
- Compare results with calculator answers

How do quadratic identities make numerical calculations easier?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 44
- Calculators
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 48
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Factorisation when coefficient of x² is greater than one

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify pairs of integers whose sum equals the coefficient of the linear term and product equals (a × c)
- Factorise quadratic expressions of the form ax²+bx+c where a > 1
- Apply factorisation to determine dimensions of floors and grazing fields from area expressions

- Determine the product of the coefficient of x² and the constant term
- Find a pair of integers whose sum and product match the required values
- Rewrite the linear term using the pair and factorise by grouping

How do we factorise when the coefficient of x² is greater than one?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 50
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Factorising perfect squares
Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Factorising difference of two squares

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify a perfect square quadratic expression
- Factorise perfect square expressions into identical factors
- Use factorisation of perfect squares to find side lengths of square mats, tiles, and signboards

- Consider expressions and factorise them to observe identical factors
- Factorise expressions of the form a²+2ab+b² and a²−2ab+b²
- Determine the length of sides of square shapes from area expressions

How do we recognise and factorise perfect square expressions?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 52
- Charts
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 54

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Formation of quadratic equations from roots

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine factors of a quadratic equation from given roots
- Form quadratic equations by expanding the product of factors
- Relate the formation of equations to contexts such as determining equations from known dimensions

- Write x−a = 0 and x−b = 0 from given roots x = a and x = b
- Multiply the factors and expand to form the quadratic equation
- Form equations from single roots, opposite roots, and fractional roots

How do we form a quadratic equation when the roots are known?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 55
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Formation of quadratic equations from real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Assign variables to unknown quantities in word problems
- Form quadratic equations from statements involving areas, products, and dimensions
- Translate real-life problems involving classrooms, trains, and gardens into quadratic equations

- Measure the length and width of a desk and express the area in terms of x
- Formulate quadratic equations from problems involving consecutive integers, triangles, and rectangular plots
- Form equations from speed, distance, and time relationships

How do we translate real-life problems into quadratic equations?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 57
- Rulers
- Measuring tapes

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Solving quadratic equations by factorisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Rearrange a quadratic equation into standard form ax²+bx+c = 0
- Solve quadratic equations by factorising and setting each factor to zero
- Apply factorisation to find dimensions of real objects such as billboards from their area equations

- Write the equation in standard quadratic form
- Factorise the left-hand side of the equation
- Set each factor equal to zero and solve the resulting linear equations

How do we solve quadratic equations using factorisation?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 58
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Solving quadratic equations with algebraic fractions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Eliminate fractions by multiplying through by the LCM of the denominators
- Solve the resulting quadratic equation by factorisation
- Apply the technique to solve equations arising from rate and proportion problems

- Identify the LCM of the denominators in the equation
- Multiply every term by the LCM to clear fractions
- Rearrange and solve the quadratic equation by factorisation

How do we solve quadratic equations that contain algebraic fractions?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 61
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Application of quadratic equations to real-life (ages and dimensions)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Formulate quadratic equations from word problems involving ages and dimensions
- Solve the equations and interpret the solutions in context
- Use quadratic equations to determine present ages, lengths of playgrounds, and widths of table mats

- Assign variables to unknowns and form equations from given relationships
- Solve the quadratic equations by factorisation
- Check that solutions are reasonable in the context of the problem

How do we use quadratic equations to solve age and dimension problems?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 62
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Application of quadratic equations to real-life (ages and dimensions)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Formulate quadratic equations from word problems involving ages and dimensions
- Solve the equations and interpret the solutions in context
- Use quadratic equations to determine present ages, lengths of playgrounds, and widths of table mats

- Assign variables to unknowns and form equations from given relationships
- Solve the quadratic equations by factorisation
- Check that solutions are reasonable in the context of the problem

How do we use quadratic equations to solve age and dimension problems?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 62
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers and Algebra

Quadratic Expressions and Equations - Application of quadratic equations to real-life (speed, distance and area)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Formulate quadratic equations from problems involving speed, distance, and area
- Solve the equations and select appropriate solutions
- Use quadratic equations to determine cycling speeds, drone heights, and photograph frame widths

- Form equations from speed-distance-time relationships and area problems
- Solve the quadratic equations by factorisation
- Reject solutions that do not make sense in the real-life context

How do we apply quadratic equations to solve speed and area problems?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 63
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Measurements and Geometry

Similarity and Enlargement - Centre of enlargement and linear scale factor
Similarity and Enlargement - Image of an object under enlargement (positive scale factor)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine the centre of enlargement and the linear scale factor for similar figures
- Draw lines joining corresponding vertices to locate the centre of enlargement
- Relate the concept of enlargement to everyday applications such as photo enlargement and map reading

- Discuss in a group and review the properties of similar figures and enlargement
- Use an object and its image to establish the centre of enlargement and the ratio of the lengths of corresponding sides (Linear Scale Factor)
- Use digital devices to explore enlargement concepts

How are similarity and enlargement applied in day-to-day life?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 65
- Graph papers
- Rulers and geometrical set
- Digital resources
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 68
- Squared books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Measurements and Geometry

Similarity and Enlargement - Image of an object under enlargement (negative scale factor)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Construct the image of an object under an enlargement given the centre and a negative linear scale factor
- Draw images on the Cartesian plane using a negative scale factor
- Relate negative enlargement to real-life situations such as inverted images in pinhole cameras

- Draw on the Cartesian plane the images of objects under enlargement given the centres and negative linear scale factors
- Discuss the effect of a negative scale factor on the position of the image relative to the centre of enlargement

How are similarity and enlargement applied in day-to-day life?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 68
- Graph papers
- Rulers and geometrical set

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Measurements and Geometry

Similarity and Enlargement - Area scale factor
Similarity and Enlargement - Volume scale factor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Determine the area scale factor of similar plane figures
- Calculate the ratio of areas of similar figures
- Use area scale factor to solve problems involving tiles, maps and floor plans

- Discuss in a group and establish the Area Scale Factor (A.S.F) from similar plane figures
- Work out the ratio of the area of similar plane figures
- Use grids to compare areas of objects and their images

How are similarity and enlargement applied in day-to-day life?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 71
- Graph papers
- Rulers
- Squared books
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 73
- Models of similar solids
- Rulers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Measurements and Geometry

Similarity and Enlargement - Relating linear scale factor and area scale factor

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Relate linear scale factor to area scale factor
- Calculate area scale factor from a given linear scale factor
- Apply the relationship between L.S.F and A.S.F to solve problems involving maps and land surveying

- Discuss in a group and establish the relationship between L.S.F and A.S.F using two similar plane figures
- Square the linear scale factor and compare with the area scale factor

How are similarity and enlargement applied in day-to-day life?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 75
- Graph papers
- Rulers
- Calculators

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Measurements and Geometry

Similarity and Enlargement - Relating linear scale factor and volume scale factor
Similarity and Enlargement - Relating linear, area and volume scale factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Relate linear scale factor to volume scale factor
- Calculate volume scale factor from a given linear scale factor
- Use the relationship between L.S.F and V.S.F in real-life contexts such as comparing capacities of similar containers

- Discuss in a group and establish the relationship between L.S.F and V.S.F using two similar solids
- Cube the linear scale factor and compare with the volume scale factor

How are similarity and enlargement applied in day-to-day life?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 76
- Models of similar solids
- Calculators
- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 77
- Calculators
- Models of similar solids

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Measurements and Geometry

Similarity and Enlargement - Application of similarity and enlargement to real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply similarity and enlargement to solve real-life problems
- Use scale factors in combined problem-solving situations
- Connect similarity and enlargement to practical situations such as construction of scale models, architectural designs and map interpretation

- Work out tasks involving similarity and enlargements in real-life situations
- Use digital devices and other resources to learn more on the use and application of similarity and enlargement
- Use locally available materials to make models of solids of different sizes using similarity and enlargement

How are similarity and enlargement applied in day-to-day life?

- Master Core Mathematics Grade 10 pg. 77
- Digital resources
- Locally available materials
- Calculators

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests