Natural Systems and Processes

Rocks - Meaning and classification of rocks
Rocks - Igneous rocks formation and characteristics
Rocks - Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
Rocks - Sedimentary rocks formation and types
Rocks - Characteristics and uses of sedimentary rocks
Rocks - Metamorphic rocks formation and examples
Rocks - Classification according to age
Rocks - Distribution of rocks in Kenya
Rocks - Significance of rocks in Kenya
Rocks - Field study and rock sampling
Folding - Meaning and process of folding
Folding - Parts and structure of a fold
Folding - Simple symmetrical and asymmetrical folds
Folding - Overfold, recumbent and overthrust folds
Folding - Isoclinal, anticlinorium and synclinorium folds
Folding - Fold mountains
Folding - Escarpments, ridges and valleys
Folding - Inter-montane plateaus and basins
Folding - Distribution of fold mountains
Folding - Significance of folding on human activities
Folding - Challenges posed by folding
Folding - Influence on transport, settlement and agriculture
Vulcanicity - Meaning and causes of vulcanicity
Vulcanicity - Types of volcanic features
Vulcanicity - Lava plateaus and plains
Vulcanicity - Acid lava cones, ash and cinder cones, shield volcanoes
Vulcanicity - Composite volcanoes, craters and calderas
Vulcanicity - Hot springs, geysers, steam jets and volcanic plugs
Vulcanicity - Dykes and sills
Vulcanicity - Laccoliths, batholiths, lopoliths and phacoliths
Vulcanicity - Distribution of volcanic features in Kenya
Vulcanicity - Global distribution of volcanic features
Vulcanicity - Significance of vulcanicity on human activities
Vulcanicity - Negative effects and disaster preparedness strategies
Earthquakes - Meaning and causes of earthquakes
Earthquakes - Types of earthquakes
Earthquakes - Focus, epicentre and seismic waves
Earthquakes - Richter scale
Earthquakes - Mercalli scale
Earthquakes - Global distribution of earthquake zones
Earthquakes - Effects on physical environment
Earthquakes - Effects on buildings, infrastructure and lives
Earthquakes - Disaster preparedness strategies
Earthquakes - Disaster management and mock drills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term rock
- Classify rocks according to mode of formation and age
- Show curiosity in identifying different rock types in the environment

- Brainstorm on the meaning of rocks and share in class
- Use print or digital resources to establish the classification of rocks
- Draw flowcharts showing classification of rocks

How are rocks classified?

- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 92
- Digital resources
- Rock samples
- Charts
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 94
- Pictures of igneous rocks
- Pictures and photographs
- Rock samples
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 95
- Reference books
- Digital resources
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 96
- Pictures
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 97
- Charts
- Reference books
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 98
- Maps of Kenya
- Atlases
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 100
- Pictures
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 101
- Collection bags
- Labels
- Notebooks
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 104
- Paper sheets
- Cloth pieces
- Diagrams
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 106
- Plasticine
- Clay
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 107
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 108
- Maps
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 109
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 110
- Maps
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 115
- World maps
- Atlases
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 112
- Banners
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 114
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 117
- Poster materials
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 119
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 120
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 124
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 125
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 127
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 128
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 131
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 130
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 133
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 136
- Simulation materials
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 141
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 144
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 142
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 145
- Tables
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 146
- News reports
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 147
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 150
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 151
- Infographics
- Case studies
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 152
- Longhorn Comprehensive Geography pg. 154
- Poster materials

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments