ECOLOGY

Concepts of ecology.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To differentiate between autecology and synecology.
Define various concepts used in ecology.

Exposition- Teacher exposes new concepts and explains their underlying meanings.

text book

KLB BK III. P 33 CERTIFICATE PG36

ECOLOGY

Abiotic factors in an ecosystem.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Detailed discussion of effect of light, temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, salinity, pH on distribution of organisms.

text book

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG38

ECOLOGY

Measuring abiotic factors.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To measure abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms.

Group activities- Measuring temperature, humidity, pH.
Answering related questions.

Thermometers
pH meter e.t.c.

KLB BK III. P 34. CERTIFICATE PG39

ECOLOGY

Biotic inter-relationships. - Competition.
- Predation.
- Parasitism.
- Symbiosis and Saprophytism.
The Nitrogen cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
To interpret graphs representing competition between two species.
To define an ecological niche and a habitat.

To define symbiosis and saprophytism.
To explain economic importance of symbiosis and saprophytism.

Teacher exposes new concepts.


Teacher leads in interpreting graphs showing competition.

Q/A: Deductions from graphs.
Detailed discussion.

Examples of symbiants and saprophytic organisms.

Chart , graphs.
text book
Specimens of endoparasites and ectoparasites.
text book
Chart-Nitrogen cycle.

KLB BK III. P 35. CERTIFICATE PG 50
KLB BK III. P 38. CERTIFICATE PG  57

ECOLOGY

Trophic levels.
Food chains.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify various trophic levels occupied by organisms.
To describe energy flow in an ecosystem.

Q/A: To review photosynthesis; carnivores, herbivores,
Discuss trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Flow chart- Energy flow in an ecosystem.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 40-42 CERTIFICATE PG 43

ECOLOGY

Food webs.
Ecological pyramids of numbers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To interpret food webs.

Teacher illustrates a food web in a given habitat.
Emphasis is laid on direction of arrows.
Answer questions derived from food webs.

charts
chart

KLB BK III. P 43. CERTIFICATE PG47

ECOLOGY

Constructing Pyramid of numbers from given data.
Inverted pyramid of numbers.
Pyramid of Biomass.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To construct pyramid of numbers from given data.

To interpret constructed pyramid of numbers from given data.

Q/A: Identifying trophic levels of organisms.

Use given date to construct pyramid of numbers.

Supervised Exercise.

text book
Chart- Inverted pyramid of numbers.
chart

KLB BK III. PP 42-43 CERTIFICATE PG 49

ECOLOGY

Population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Quadrat method of estimating population.
Line - transect method of estimating population.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe some characteristics of populations.
To explain factors affecting population growth rate.
To estimate population using quadrat method.

Q/A: Definition of population.
Discuss population density, dispersion and growth.
Q/A: Factors affecting population growth rate; including food availability, space, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, pests, e.t.c.



Students? outdoor activity- Estimating population using standard quadrats.

text book
Standard quadrats.
text book

KLB BK III. P 46.  CERTIFICATE PG 60
KLB BK III. PP
46-47. CERTIFICATE PG 62

ECOLOGY

Belt transect method of estimating population.
Capture-recapture method.
Xerophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To estimate population using belt transect method of population.

Group work ? outdoor activity.
Discussion.

Tape measure, quadrats, pegs, thermometer, pH indicator, e.t.c
specimen
Specimens of xerophytes.

KLB BK III. PP 48-49. CERTIFICATE PG 63

ECOLOGY

Mesophytes.
Hydrophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of mesophytes.

To explain adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of habitats where mesophytes thrive.

Discussion: Adaptations of mesophytes to their habitats.

Specimens of mesophytes.
Specimens of hydrophytes.

KLB BK III. P 51. CERTIFICATE PG 69

ECOLOGY

Halophytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state characteristics of habitats of halophytes.
To explain adaptations of halophytes to their habitats.

Q/A: Characteristics of dry habitats.
Discussion: Adaptations of dry habitats.

Specimens of halophytes.

KLB BK III. P 52. CERTIFICATE PG 68

ECOLOGY

Adaptive features of plants.
Pollution and its effects.
Air pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To identify causes and effects of air pollution.
To suggest control measures of air pollution.

Group experiments- Students examine given specimens and suggest their habitats.
Identify adaptive features.
Detailed discussion & probing questions.

Xerophytes Mesophytes
Hydrophytes
Hand lenses.
text book
topic related video

KLB BK III. P 50. CERTIFICATE PG 69
KLB BK III. PP 56-59. CERTIFICATE PG 70

ECOLOGY

Water pollution.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of water pollution.
To suggest control measures of water pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

video of water pollution

KLB BK III. P 60. CERTIFICATE PG 77

ECOLOGY

Soil pollution.
Radioactive emissions.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify causes and effects of soil pollution.
To suggest control measures of soil pollution.

Detailed discussion & Q/A.

text book

KLB BK III. P 62. CERTIFICATE PG 80

ECOLOGY

Human diseases. Typhoid & cholera.
Protozoan diseases.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify disease predisposing factors.
To describe causative agents, symptoms, prevention of bacterial diseases.

Detailed discussion with probing questions.

text book
magazine

KLB BK III. P 63. CERTIFICATE PG 82

ECOLOGY

Prevention and control of protozoan diseases.
Ascaris lumbricoides.
Bilharzia.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain methods of preventing and controlling protozoan diseases.
To identify adaptive features of Ascaris lumbricoides.
To state and explain effects of a parasite on the host.
To suggest preventive and control measures.

Group activities: Students examine preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides and identify some adaptive features.

Detailed discussion.

Preserved specimens of Ascaris lumbricoides.
chart

CERTIFICATE PG  83
KLB BK III. P 67. CERTIFICATE PG 87

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Introduction
Cell division.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction.
To state importance of reproduction.

Q/A: Defination of reproduction.
Teacher illustrates and explains sexual and asexual reproduction.

text book
chart

KLB BK III. P 78. CERTIFICATE PG 99

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mitosis.
Mitosis in a young root tip.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of mitosis.

Teacher leads in a detailed discussion.
Drawing diagrams showing stages of mitosis.

charts
Onion root tip.
Microscope
IM HCl
Cover slides.

KLB BK III.
P 80. CERTIFICATE PG 100

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Significance of mitosis.
Meiosis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain significance of mitosis.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 81. CERTIFICATE PG102

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

First and second meiotic divisions.
Meiosis in plant cells.
Significance of meiosis.
Asexual reproduction. Binary fission.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the processes of first and second meiotic divisions.
To explain significance of meiosis.

Explanations and drawing diagrams.
Detailed discussion.
Probing questions leading to differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Chart- stages of second meiotic division.
Flower buds
IM HCl
Source of heat
Glass slide
Filter paper
Microscope
Chart- Binary fission in amoeba

KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 104
KLB BK III.
P 82. CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Spore formation.
Budding.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the process of spore formation in bread// ugali mould.

Mould on bread /ugali.
Identify and draw hyphae and sporangia.

Microscope bread/ ugali mould
Hand lens.

KLB BK III.
P 88.CERTIFICATE PG 114

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Budding in yeast.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain conditions necessary for budding in yeast.

Identifying, drawing and labeling yeast cells.

Previously prepared 10% sugar solution
Methylene blue
Microscope

KLB BK III.
P 89.CERTIFICATE PG 113

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Sexual reproduction in plants. Structure of a flower.
Flower terminologies.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To draw and label a flower.

Group experiments- Examine flowers and identify parts.
Counting number of sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.

Bean flower
Morning glory
Bauhinia Longitudinal section of a general flower.
Flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 90.CERTIFICATE PG 117

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pollination. Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define pollination.
To identify agents of pollination.
To describe the structure of insect-pollinated flowers.
To describe the structure of wind-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: Definition of pollination.
Agents of pollination.
Class experiment- Structure of insect pollinated flowers.
Students identify various parts.

Class experiment-examine inflorescence of star grass/ maize/ sugarcane.
Identify glumes, spikes and spikelets.
Compare them in text books/ charts.

Insect-pollinated flowers.
Wind-pollinated flowers.

KLB BK III.
P 93.CERTIFICATE PG 119
KLB BK III.
PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Features hindering self-pollination.
Fertilisation process in flowering plants.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state and explain adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Q/A: adaptive features of wind-pollinated flowers.

Wind-pollinated flowers.
wind & inect pollinated flower
chart

KLB BK III. PP 93-94.CERTIFICATE PG 119

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Seed formation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To explain formation of seeds.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 97.CERTIFICATE PG 123

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit development.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

To describe development of fruits in flowering plants.

Detailed discussion.

text book

KLB BK III.
P 98.CERTIFICATE PG 124

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Classification of fruits.
Placentation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To classify fruits using specific criteria.

To define placentation.
To describe the process of placentation.
To identify types of placentation.

Teacher presents several types of fruits and leads students in classifying them.
Detailed discussion, drawing of diagrams.


Teacher exposes the meaning of placentation.
Students examine ovaries of various fruits as the teacher exposes the types of placentation exhibited.
Students draw diagrams showing types of placentation.

A variety of fruits, petri dishes
Blades
Containers.

Fruits
Beans
Sunflower
Pawpaw
Orange
Primrose, e.t.c

KLB BK III.
P 99. CERTIFICATE PG 125
KLB BK III.
P 100.CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fruit and seed dispersal.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain adaptive features of fruits and seeds to their agents of dispersal.

Students examine fruits and seeds, observe external features, and group them accordingly to methods of dispersal.
Detailed discussion of observations made.

text book

KLB BK III. PP. 102-103 CERTIFICATE PG 130

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal structure of fruits.
Sexual reproduction in animals. External fertilisation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To label the parts of internal structure of a fruit.

To identify the functions of internal parts of a fruit.

Teacher demonstration- Vertical sections of fruits.

Students draw and label the fruit internal structure.

charts
Strands of eggs of frogs.

KLB BK III. P. 104 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Internal fertilisation.
Reproduction in mammals. Reproduction in human beings.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe internal fertilisation and compare it with external fertilisation.

Tabulate differences between external and internal fertilisation.

Wall charts-Reproduction system.

KLB BK III. P. 105CERTIFICATE PG 148

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of male reproduction system.
Male reproduction system of a male animal.
Female reproduction system.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the male reproduction system.
To draw and label parts of the female reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.
Drawing and labeling.

text book
Reproduction system of a rabbit/ rat.
chart

KLB BK III. PP. 106-108 CERTIFICATE PG 150
KLB BK III. PP.
108-110. CERTIFICATE PG 164

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Functions of parts of female reproduction system.
Female reproduction system of a female animal.
Formation of ova.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the functions of parts of female reproduction system.

Detailed discussion.

chart
Dissected female rat/ mouse/rabbit.
text book

KLB BK III. PP.
108-110 CERTIFICATE PG  150

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Fertilisation process.
Implantation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain the fertilisation process.

Discussion
Drawing diagrams.

chart
text book

KLB BK III. PP. 113-114 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

The placenta.
Role of the placenta. Placental exchanges.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the formation of the placenta and the structure of the placenta.

Exposition and discussion.

Chart- The placenta.
text book

KLB BK III. P. 115 CERTIFICATE PG 159

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Pregnancy and hormones.
Abortion, miscarriage, birth.
Lactation and parental care.
Secondary sexual characteristics.
The menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify functions of human oestrogen and progestrone during pregnancy.
To state secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

Tabulate functional differences.
Detailed discussion.

text book
Wall- charts mammary glands.
text book
Chart- Phases of human menstrual cycle.

CERTIFICATE PG 160

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

28-day menstrual cycle.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To represent hormonal levels on a 28-day chart.

Open discussion.
Interpreting illustrative charts.

chart

KLB BK III. PP.
122-123 CERTIFICATE PG 152

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Menopause, infertility and emerging issues.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe hormonal changes at menopause.
To discuss emerging issues related to infertility and menopause.

Open discussion.

text book

KLB BK III. P. 123 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Sexually Transmitted Infections & HIV/AIDS.
The concepts of growth and development.
Measurement of growth.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To identify the symptoms of STIs.
To explain the mode of transmission of STIs / AIDS and discuss methods of control.
To differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

Detailed discussion.
Q/A: Distinction and relationship between HIV and AIDS.

Chart- STIs causal agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures.
text book

PP.
123-125 CERTIFICATE PG 169

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT.

Growth phases.
Intermittent growth curve.
Structure of the seed.
Longitudinal sections of monocots and dicots.
Dormancy in seeds.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe lag and decelerating phases of growth.
Explain growth curve showing intermittent growth.

Students will have collected data, e.g. height of shoots of different ages.
Teacher assists students to draw growth curves.
Discussion- phases of growth.

Q/A: life cycles of insects.
Exposition and detailed discussion.

Shoots of known ages.
chart
Specimens of maize and bean seeds.
Hand lens
Maize and bean seeds.
Iodine
Scalpels.
video

KLB BK III. P. 135 CERTIFICATE PG 179