Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Types of raised platforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of raised platforms used in performing tasks
- Describe the characteristics of different raised platforms
- Appreciate the importance of raised platforms in daily tasks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Walk around the school to explore types of raised platforms
- Brainstorm on types used in day-to-day life and make freehand sketches
- Study pictures and discuss characteristics of raised platforms
- Match raised platforms to their appropriate uses

What types of raised platforms are commonly used in our locality?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 1
- Chart on raised platforms
- Actual raised platforms
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Sketches

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Risks associated with working on raised platforms
Safety on Raised Platforms - Ways of minimizing risks
Safety on Raised Platforms - Safety precautions for different scenarios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify risks associated with working on raised platforms
- Describe common risks including electrocution, falls and injuries
- Show concern for safety when working at heights

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss risks involved in working on raised platforms during rain, under power lines, using old equipment
- Search for information on hazards from print or digital media
- Discuss risks: electrocution, falls from weak/slippery/unstable platforms, accidents from overloading
- Compile list of identified risks

What risks are associated with working on raised platforms?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 3
- Print media (textbooks, safety manuals)
- Digital devices with internet
- Safety charts
- Exercise books and pens
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 4
- Marker pens and Manila paper
- Safety guidelines charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 5
- Ladder, workbench, stand, trestle
- Personal protective equipment (PPEs)
- Safety manuals
- Manila paper and marker pens

- Oral tests - Observation - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Regular inspections and appropriate equipment
Safety on Raised Platforms - Safe work practices and procedures
Safety on Raised Platforms - Observing safety at the workplace

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of regular inspections of raised platforms
- Identify appropriate equipment and PPE for working at heights
- Show responsibility in maintaining safety equipment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance of regular inspections for damage and wear
- Examine appropriate protective equipment (helmets, gloves, aprons, footwear)
- Study correct choice of platform for specific tasks and weight limits
- Practice checking platforms for stability

Why is it important to regularly inspect raised platforms before use?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 6
- Various raised platforms
- Personal protective equipment
- Inspection checklists
- Safety data sheets
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 7
- PPEs
- Safety guidelines
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 8
- Relevant PPEs
- Exercise books and pens
- Visit to local workplaces
- Digital devices for recording

- Checklist - Practical work - Observation

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on Raised Platforms - Importance of observing safety measures
Handling Hazardous Substances - Hazardous substances in the environment
Handling Hazardous Substances - Classifying hazardous substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of observing safety measures
- Relate safety practices to accident prevention
- Appreciate the need for observing safety while working on raised platforms

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance of safety compliance in preventing accidents and injuries
- Examine consequences of not observing safety measures
- Study benefits of proper training and use of PPE
- Reflect on safety practices learned

What is the importance of observing safety when working on raised platforms?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 9
- Safety charts
- Case studies on accidents
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 10
- Pictures of hazardous substances
- Digital devices with internet
- Textbooks or journals
- Safety data sheets
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 12
- List of hazardous substances
- Manila paper
- Felt pen, ruler, pencil
- Exercise books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests - Self-reflection

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Properties of poisonous, flammable and corrosive substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain properties of poisonous, flammable and corrosive substances
- Describe how each type affects health and environment
- Appreciate the dangers of hazardous materials

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study chemical, biological substances and aerosols as poisonous substances
- Examine flammable liquids and gases, and concept of flash point
- Discuss corrosive substances and their effects on materials and tissue
- Give examples of each type from course book

What makes a substance poisonous, flammable or corrosive?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 13
- Clean, empty containers of hazardous substances
- Safety labels
- Digital devices
- Charts showing hazard symbols

- Oral tests - Written tests - Observation

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Safe handling practices
Handling Hazardous Substances - Personal protective equipment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe ways of handling hazardous substances
- Explain safety protocols for protection
- Value personal and environmental safety

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how to protect self, others and environment when handling hazardous substances
- Examine proper storage methods and importance of labeling containers
- Study ventilation requirements and not eating/drinking when handling substances
- Discuss reading safety instructions and reporting concerns

How can hazardous substances be handled safely?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 14
- Exercise books and pens
- Safety data sheets
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 15
- Various PPEs (overalls, gloves, gas masks, gumboots)
- Safety manuals
- Charts showing PPE usage
- Clean containers

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Reading and interpreting safety instructions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Read and interpret safety instructions on packaging labels
- Explain information contained in safety data sheets
- Show diligence in following safety instructions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear appropriate PPEs and observe samples in containers or study pictures
- Read safety labels and study safety data sheets
- Interpret prevention, response, storage and disposal instructions
- Practice correct interpretation of safety information including hazardous ingredients and concentration limits

Why is it important to read safety instructions on hazardous substance containers?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 16
- Clean, empty containers of hazardous substances
- Safety data sheets
- Manuals of electrical equipment
- PPEs

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Practical safe handling demonstrations
Handling Hazardous Substances - Safe disposal methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate safe handling of hazardous substances
- Practice proper storage and disposal procedures
- Show responsibility in hazardous substance management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear protective equipment and demonstrate safe handling using clean empty containers
- Practice reading and interpreting safety instructions
- Demonstrate closing containers tightly and proper storage methods
- Show proper disposal of empty containers and practice handwashing
- Use checklist to record safe practices

How do we practice safe handling of hazardous substances?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 17
- Safety data sheets
- Personal protective equipment
- Clean, empty containers
- Soap and water
- Checklist
- Clean containers
- Disposal guidelines
- PPEs
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling Hazardous Substances - Importance of safe handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of safe handling of hazardous substances
- Describe consequences of improper handling
- Appreciate the need for observing safety when handling hazardous substances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit different places (workshop, kitchen, laboratory, farm) with teacher guidance
- Identify hazardous substances and observe safety measures practiced
- Find out harm substances can cause to people and environment
- Discuss proper disposal methods and make notes

Why is it important to practice safe handling of hazardous substances?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 18
- Exercise books and pens
- Appropriate PPEs
- Access to local workplaces
- Digital devices for recording

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Ways of nurturing talents and abilities
Self-Exploration and Career Development - Opportunities for talent development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain ways of nurturing talents and abilities
- Identify personal strengths and interests
- Value the importance of developing talents for self-development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Let each group member mention their talents and explain how they discovered them
- Discuss people who earn living through talents (athletes, musicians, dancers)
- Examine ways of nurturing talents: identifying strengths, exposure, resources, practice, mentorship
- Display talents through clubs and societies

How can we nurture talents and abilities?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 20
- Exercise books and pens
- Chart on career pathways
- Success stories
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 21
- Information on talent development programs
- Digital devices
- Charts showing pathways
- Success stories

- Observation - Oral questions - Self assessment - Practical work

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Relating talents to career pathways
Self-Exploration and Career Development - Ethical practices in pursuing careers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Relate talents and abilities to career pathways
- Identify career pathways that match personal talents
- Appreciate the connection between talents and future careers

- Study chart showing different career pathways
- Identify career pathway for learners with specific talents (Arts and Sports Science, STEM, Social Sciences)
- List down personal talents and abilities
- Match talents to appropriate career pathways using course book materials

Which career pathway relates to your talents and abilities?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 23
- Chart on career pathways
- Exercise books and pens
- Table showing relationship between talents and careers
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 25
- Case studies of successful individuals
- Digital resources
- Charts showing ethical practices

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Self assessment

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Unethical practices to avoid

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify unethical practices that can ruin careers
- Explain consequences of unethical behavior
- Value ethical behavior in career development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Mention unethical practices to avoid
- Discuss how doping, indecent dressing, false information, bribing ruin careers
- Study course book materials showing unethical practices for different talents
- Examine specific examples for athletes, musicians, journalists, photographers

What unethical practices should be avoided when pursuing a career?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 25
- Exercise books and pens
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Observation - Case study analysis

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-Exploration and Career Development - Choosing a career based on talents and abilities
Self-Exploration and Career Development - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Choose a career based on talents and abilities
- Plan for appropriate career pathway
- Value informed career decision-making for self-development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Write list of personal talents and abilities
- Complete table matching talents to careers
- Show completed table to teacher and discuss
- Discuss with parents/guardian at home and during Career Day/Parents' Day

How do we choose a career based on our talents and abilities?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 26
- Exercise books and pens
- Career guidance materials
- Table for talents and careers
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 27
- Assessment materials
- Charts and summaries
- Digital resources
- Exercise books

- Self assessment - Practical work - Written assignments - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Application areas of visual programming software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the application areas of visual programming software in solving problems
- Identify uses of applications in daily life
- Appreciate the role of visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital device to search for uses of mobile applications and websites
- Study mobile phone screen with various applications
- Discuss application areas: games, animations, money transfer, robotics
- Identify problems solved by each application

How is visual programming used in solving day-to-day problems?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 48
- Digital device with internet
- Computer books
- Mobile phone showing applications
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Introduction to Scratch programming
Visual Programming - Creating a story (Part 1) - Setting up backdrops and sprites

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Navigate the Scratch programming interface
- Identify basic components of Scratch
- Show confidence in using visual programming software

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Start Scratch program and identify stage, sprites pane, blocks palette, script area
- Practice navigating different areas of interface
- Explore available blocks and categories
- Create new project and save it

What are the basic components of Scratch programming software?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 50
- Computer with Scratch 3 installed
- Digital projector
- Exercise books
- Scratch interface guide
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 51
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Step-by-step guide
- Examples of projects

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a story (Part 2) - Adding code blocks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Add code blocks to backdrops and sprites
- Create backdrop switching and sprite behaviors
- Show understanding of event-driven programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click stage and add blocks for backdrop switching
- Add blocks to sprites (Noor, Characters 1, Butterfly, Giraffe)
- Test story by clicking green flag
- Observe and discuss sprite behaviors

How do we program backdrops and sprites in a story?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 52
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Coding blocks reference
- Examples of scripts

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 1) - Maze game setup
Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 2) - Programming sprite movement and collision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create a maze game backdrop
- Use drawing tools in Scratch
- Show creativity in game design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Start Scratch and save as 'The maze game', insert blue sky2 backdrop
- Use Rectangle tool to draw mazes (three vertical, two horizontal)
- Format mazes by removing outlines and arranging appropriately
- Add beetle sprite and set starting position

How do we create a maze game backdrop?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 54
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Game design examples
- Drawing tools guide
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 57
- Movement blocks guide
- Collision detection guide

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 3) - Adding game levels
Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 1) - Solar system setup

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create multiple game levels
- Design level progression backdrops
- Demonstrate advanced game design skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create backdrop2 for level two, backdrop3 with 'PROCEED TO LEVEL 2'
- Create backdrop4 with 'SORRY!! You LOST!!'
- Add blocks to beetle sprite to change levels and end game
- Test complete game and refine based on testing

How do we create multiple levels in a game?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 59
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Level design examples
- Testing checklist
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 61
- Computer with Scratch 3 and internet
- List of planet names
- Animation examples

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Game evaluation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 2) - Programming planets (Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Add animation blocks to sprites
- Create orbital motion for planets
- Show precision in animation programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Sun sprite and add appropriate blocks to script pane
- Program Mercury's orbital motion
- Program Venus's orbital motion
- Program Earth's orbital motion and test animations

How do we program orbital motion for Sun and inner planets?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 62
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Orbital motion guide
- Animation examples

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 3) - Programming planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
Visual Programming - Testing and discussing programs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Program remaining planets' orbital motions
- Coordinate multiple sprite animations
- Demonstrate animation sequencing skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Program Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune orbital motions
- Add appropriate blocks to each planet sprite
- Test complete solar system animation
- Observe all planets orbiting Sun

How do we complete the solar system animation?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 64
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Complete animation guide
- Solar system reference
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 67
- Program analysis guide
- Assessment rubric

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating own application

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Design and create own application using visual programming
- Apply visual programming skills independently
- Show creativity and innovation in programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Brainstorm ideas for own application (story, game or animation)
- Plan and design the application
- Create application using Scratch following learned techniques
- Test and refine application

How do we create our own application using visual programming?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 68
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Planning templates
- Project guidelines

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Advanced features and techniques
Visual Programming - Uses in day-to-day life and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explore advanced features in visual programming
- Create more complex programs
- Demonstrate mastery of visual programming concepts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Explore additional Scratch features (variables, operators, sensing)
- Create programs with more complex logic and interactions
- Add sound effects and advanced animations to projects
- Test and debug programs

What advanced features can we use in visual programming?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 69
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Advanced features guide
- Reference materials
- Assessment materials
- Digital devices
- QR code for digital exercise
- Examples of applications

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Materials for Production

Visual Programming - Project presentation and portfolio
Materials for Production - Types of wood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Present completed visual programming projects
- Create portfolio of programs developed
- Show confidence in demonstrating programming skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Prepare presentations of created applications
- Present story, game and animation projects to class
- Compile portfolio of all visual programming work
- Receive feedback and reflect on learning

How do we present our visual programming projects?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 69
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Presentation materials
- Portfolio folder
- Assessment rubric
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Samples of hardwood and softwood
- Charts showing various types of wood
- Reference materials

- Presentations - Portfolio - Peer assessment - Observation

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Classification of wood
Materials for Production - Density and grain patterns
Materials for Production - Wood preparation - Conversion
Materials for Production - Wood preparation - Seasoning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify wood according to physical characteristics
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Appreciate the differences between hardwood and softwood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Study photographs showing various types of wood
- Complete a table comparing physical characteristics of wood
- Share classification findings with peers

How can we classify wood based on its physical characteristics?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 76
- Various pieces of wood
- Checklists
- Photos of hardwood and softwood
- Exercise books
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 77
- Wood samples with visible grain
- Magnifying glasses
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Digital devices and internet
- Video clips on sawmills
- Pictures of timber conversion
- Charts showing conversion methods
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 78
- Digital resources
- Charts on wood seasoning
- Samples of seasoned wood
- Diagrams of kiln and air drying

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Uses of hardwood
Materials for Production - Uses of softwood
Materials for Production - Importance of wood in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify uses of hardwood in different trades
- Relate properties of hardwood to its uses
- Appreciate the value of hardwood in day-to-day life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of hardwood (furniture, flooring, kitchen cabinets)
- Observe wooden items in the classroom and school
- Develop charts to match types of wood to their uses
- Research hardwood applications in various professions

What are the common uses of hardwood in our locality?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 78
- Hardwood samples
- Furniture items
- Charts and pictures
- Reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 79
- Softwood samples
- Construction materials
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Charts showing wood uses
- Case studies

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Types of waste materials
Materials for Production - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Categorize waste materials by type (plastic, glass, metal, paper)
- Show awareness of waste in the environment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Study photographs showing various types of waste
- Discuss types of waste found in home and school
- Create classification system for different waste types

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 82
- Charts showing waste types
- Gloves and masks
- Waste bins
- Observation sheets
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources
- E-waste labels

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - Composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting
- Observe decomposition process over time

What is composting and why is it important?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Safe handling methods - The 3Rs
Materials for Production - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the 3Rs of waste management (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
- Apply the 3Rs in handling waste materials
- Develop responsible waste management habits

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss safe ways of handling waste materials
- Practice reducing, reusing, and recycling waste
- Search for information on the 3Rs using digital resources
- Create action plan for implementing 3Rs

How can we apply the 3Rs to manage waste effectively?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Written tests - Observation - Practical work

Materials for Production

Materials for Production - Bio-digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the bio-digestion process
- Identify organic materials suitable for bio-digestion
- Appreciate bio-digestion as a sustainable waste solution

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss anaerobic digestion process
- Learn about biogas production
- Visit or observe a biodigester in operation
- Calculate potential energy generation from bio-digestion

How does bio-digestion convert waste into useful products?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Case studies

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production
Tools and Production

Materials for Production - Recycling waste materials
Materials for Production - Importance of proper waste management
Tools and Production - Identifying holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Collect recyclable materials from the locality
- Make items from recycled waste materials
- Show creativity in recycling projects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect recyclable waste materials with proper PPEs
- Brainstorm on items to make using waste materials
- Make items such as spirit lamps or flower vases
- Display recycled creations and explain process

What useful items can we create from waste materials?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 92
- Variety of holding tools (vices, clamps, pliers, tongs, clips)
- Charts showing holding tools
- Digital devices

- Practical work - Project - Observation

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Types of vices and clamps
Tools and Production - Types of pliers, clips and tongs
Tools and Production - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify types of vices and clamps
- Describe the structure of vices and clamps
- Appreciate the variety of holding tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Observe and identify bench vices, hand vices, machine vices
- Study different types of clamps (G-clamp, F-clamp, U-clamp, sash clamp)
- Discuss physical characteristics of each type
- Compare and contrast vice and clamp uses

How do different types of vices and clamps differ in structure?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 92
- Different types of vices
- Various clamps
- Digital resources
- Reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 93
- Various pliers
- Different clips
- Types of tongs
- Charts
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 94
- Chart showing uses of holding tools
- Available holding tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Digital devices

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Tools and Production - Safe use of holding tools
Tools and Production - Using holding tools to perform tasks
Tools and Production - Using pliers, clips and tongs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain safety precautions when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of holding tools
- Develop safe working habits

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for information on safe use
- Watch videos on how to safely hold tools
- Role-play safe use of different holding tools
- Discuss common mistakes and how to avoid them

What safety measures should be observed when using holding tools?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 96
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 98
- Bench vice
- G-clamp
- Pieces of wood
- Handsaw
- Wood glue
- Workbench
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 99
- Needle nose pliers
- Wire
- Paper clips
- Drawing board
- Crucible tongs
- Bunsen burner

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship

Tools and Production - Care and importance of holding tools
Entrepreneurship - Financial institutions available in Kenya
Entrepreneurship - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Clean and store holding tools properly
- Explain the importance of holding tools
- Appreciate the need for proper tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use a soft brush to wipe off dirt from tools
- Oil the moving parts of tools
- Clean and safely store holding tools
- Discuss the importance of holding tools in day-to-day life

Why is it important to care for holding tools properly?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 100
- Holding tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Oil can
- Tool box or rack
- Dust cover
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 128
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Newspapers and business magazines
- Exercise books and pens
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 130
- Banking and insurance brochures
- Charts and reference materials

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Case study on financial services
Entrepreneurship - Utilizing financial services for entrepreneurial development
Entrepreneurship - Reasons for government involvement in business in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyze services offered by financial institutions using case studies
- Relate financial services to entrepreneurial success
- Show understanding of practical application of financial services

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about business journey and financial institution support
- Identify financial institutions and services that helped business succeed
- Discuss importance of services to business
- Share answers with classmates

How do financial services support entrepreneurial development?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 132
- Case study materials
- Exercise books and pens
- Charts and reference materials
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 133
- Access to local financial institutions
- Business planning templates
- Report writing guidelines
- Digital devices
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 136
- Business Studies textbooks
- Symbol for Competition Authority of Kenya
- Charts and digital resources
- Pictures of infrastructure projects

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written assignments - Discussion participation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Ways in which government is involved in business activities
Entrepreneurship - Types of taxes in Kenya
Entrepreneurship - E-Government services in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe ways in which the government is involved in business
- Explain legislation, regulation and government investment in business
- Value government support for business development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use textbooks or digital devices to search for ways government is involved in business
- Discuss legislation, regulation, government investment, subsidies and training
- Examine promotion of industrialization, SMEs and Special Economic Zones
- Make notes and present findings

In which ways is the government involved in business?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 138
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- E.P.Z symbol
- Charts and print media
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 140
- English dictionary
- Charts showing types of taxes
- Digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 142
- Access to e-Citizen platform
- Case study materials
- Huduma Centre information

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Importance of complying with government regulations in business
Entrepreneurship - Review and assessment (Government and Business)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of complying with government regulations in business
- Describe consequences of non-compliance
- Acknowledge the need to comply with government regulations in business

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss consequences of selling sub-standard or expired goods
- Study that compliance prevents penalties and builds trust
- Examine how compliance provides fair competition and opens opportunities
- Discuss how compliance protects consumers and employees

Why is it important to comply with government regulations in business?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 145
- Business Studies textbooks
- Case studies on compliance
- Charts and digital resources
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 146
- Assessment materials
- Charts and summaries

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Case study analysis - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Meaning and importance of a business plan in entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship - Components of a business plan in financial management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning and importance of a business plan
- Describe how business plan helps in entrepreneurship
- Appreciate the value of planning in business

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Find meaning of 'business plan' from dictionary and discuss
- Use digital devices or textbooks to search for importance of business plan
- Discuss how business plan outlines vision, helps avoid mistakes, allocates resources
- Study how business plan is requirement for financing and acts as benchmark

What is a business plan and why is it important in entrepreneurship?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 148
- English dictionary
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Sample business plans
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 150
- Sample business plans
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Analyzing a business plan example

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyze a complete business plan example
- Identify all components in the example
- Show understanding of how components relate to each other

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study example business plan provided in textbook
- Analyze all components: executive summary, business description, product, market analysis
- Examine marketing plan, management plan, cost plan and financial projections
- Discuss how components connect

How are all components of a business plan connected?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 153
- Example business plan
- Exercise books and pens
- Charts and analysis guides

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship - Filling in a business plan template for a given business project
Entrepreneurship - Presenting and using a business plan
Entrepreneurship - Review and assessment (Business Plan)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Fill in a business plan template for a given business project
- Develop a complete business plan for own business idea
- Demonstrate ability to apply business planning knowledge

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Think of a business idea and copy business plan template
- Complete all components: business description, product, market analysis, marketing plan
- Fill in management plan, cost plan and financial projections
- Review and refine complete business plan

How do we create a business plan for our own business idea?

Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 153
- Business plan template
- Exercise books and pens
- Calculators
- Sample business plans
Distinction Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Completed business plans
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Assessment rubrics
- Business Studies textbooks
- Assessment materials
- QR code for digital exercise
- Charts and summaries

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Portfolio