Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of visual programming
- Identify application areas of visual programming
- Show interest in learning about visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for information on visual programming
- Discuss application areas of visual programming software
- Study pictures showing mobile and web applications
- Brainstorm on uses of visual programming

What is visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Pictures of applications
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Research notes

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas
Visual programming - Installing and familiarising with Scratch

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe mobile programming
- Explain web development
- Appreciate the importance of visual programming in daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study images showing mobile applications
- Identify and name mobile applications
- Discuss how applications are used to perform tasks
- Learn about mobile programming and web development

How are mobile and web applications developed?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Smartphones/tablets
- Digital devices
- Examples of mobile apps
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Examples of games and educational tools
- Computers/laptops
- Internet connection
- Scratch software
- Installation guide

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests - Group discussions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Familiarising with Scratch
Visual programming - Creating a clicker game

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain features of Scratch interface
- Use drag-and-drop to create simple scripts
- Appreciate visual programming interface

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Scratch interface components
- Click categories and explore commands
- Practice using motion and looks commands
- Change numbers in commands to observe effects on sprites

What are the features of Scratch interface?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch installed
- Digital projector
- Practice activities
- Reference guide
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Sample games
- Step-by-step guide

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating a clicker game
Visual programming - Creating interactive stories
Visual programming - Creating interactive stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Make sprites move in random positions
- Make sprites change color
- Value problem-solving in programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Create script to move balloon randomly
- Create script to change sprite color
- Add functionality to increase score when sprite is clicked
- Test and debug the game

How can sprites be programmed to move and change?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Project files
- Debugging guide
- Assessment rubrics
- Internet access
- Video tutorials
- Storyboard templates
- Sample stories
- Character sprites
- Backdrop images

- Practical work - Observation - Problem-solving skills - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating music
Visual programming - Creating own interactive story
Visual programming - Creating animations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create music using Scratch
- Use sound blocks effectively
- Show appreciation for digital music creation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Delete default sprite and choose musical instrument
- Create script to play sound
- Add drum beats using drum sprite
- Create beatbox sounds with microphone sprite

How can you create music in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Speakers/headphones
- Musical instrument sprites
- Sound library
- Flashcards for planning
- Story templates
- Assessment rubrics
- Animation examples
- Sprite library
- Tutorial videos

- Practical work - Observation - Audio output quality - Creativity

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Advanced animations
Visual programming - Exploring Scratch tutorials
Visual programming - Using visual programming in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create animations with multiple sprites
- Add scoring system to animations
- Appreciate complex programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Add multiple sprites to animation
- Create scripts for sprite interactions
- Add score variable
- Make sprites respond to each other
- Debug and improve animation

How can multiple sprites interact in animations?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Complex animation examples
- Debugging guide
- Assessment tools
- Internet access
- Tutorial guides
- Learning journal
- Case study materials
- Examples of educational games
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Problem-solving - Portfolio - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Materials for Production
Materials for Production

Visual programming - Assessment project
Wood - Classification according to physical characteristics
Wood - Classification and characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Create application to solve a problem
- Apply visual programming skills learned
- Demonstrate competence in visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify a problem that can be solved using visual programming
- Design application (game, story or animation)
- Develop application using Scratch
- Test application and make improvements
- Present application to class

How can you use visual programming to solve problems?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Project planning templates
- Assessment rubrics
- Presentation tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Wood samples
- Checklist
- Pictures of trees
- Comparison chart
- Reference materials

- Practical project - Presentations - Portfolio - Assessment rubrics

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion
Wood - Preparation: Conversion methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe methods of wood conversion
- Show interest in wood preparation processes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit a sawmill to observe wood conversion process
- Discuss the process of converting logs into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for conversion methods
- Study plain sawing and quarter sawing methods

Why are logs converted into timber?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Pictures of sawmills
- Diagrams showing conversion methods
- Video clips
- Drawing paper
- Diagrams of conversion
- Wood samples showing different cuts
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Seasoning
Wood - Preparation: Seasoning methods
Wood - Types and their uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning of wood seasoning
- Describe methods of wood seasoning
- Appreciate the importance of seasoning wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study images showing wood seasoning methods
- Discuss natural/air seasoning method
- Discuss artificial/kiln seasoning method
- Learn objectives of timber seasoning

How is wood seasoned?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of air seasoning
- Pictures of kiln
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Comparison chart
- Pictures of seasoning facilities
- Reference materials
- Pictures of wood products
- Wood samples
- Matching activity cards

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions

Materials for Production

Wood - Uses in various trades
Wood - Importance in daily life
Wood - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify uses of wood in construction, furniture making, and other trades
- Create charts matching wood to uses
- Appreciate versatility of wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to find uses of wood in trades
- Visit locality to explore uses of wood
- Discuss wood in construction, furniture, music, sports
- Create photomontage or chart showing uses

How is wood used in different trades?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Pictures from magazines
- Glue and scissors
- Wooden items
- Environmental conservation posters
- Reference materials
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Wood samples

- Charts/posters - Oral presentations - Written tests - Creativity assessment

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Waste materials in the environment
Handling waste materials - Types of waste
Handling waste materials - Safe ways of handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Classify waste materials by type
- Show awareness of waste in locality

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Walk around school compound to identify waste materials
- Study pictures showing different types of waste
- List waste materials observed
- Discuss sources of waste materials

What waste materials are found in the environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Pictures of waste materials
- Garbage bags
- Gloves
- Digital devices
- Samples of waste materials
- Classification chart
- Pictures
- Pictures showing waste handling
- Safety equipment
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Lists - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Reusing and recycling
Handling waste materials - Composting, burning and reducing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain reusing waste materials
- Explain recycling waste materials
- Value waste as a resource

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss examples of reusing waste (tins for storage, newspapers for wrapping)
- Discuss examples of recycling (paper to tissue, glass to bottles, iron to steel)
- Study pictures showing reused and recycled items
- Practice sorting waste for recycling

How can waste materials be reused and recycled?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Reusable waste items
- Recycled products
- Sorting bins
- Pictures
- Compost bin
- Pictures of waste disposal
- Digital devices
- Safety equipment

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Project

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Disposing waste safely
Handling waste materials - Need for proper handling
Handling waste materials - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Practice safe disposal of waste materials
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment
- Value cleanliness and environmental health

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect waste materials from school compound wearing PPE
- Sort waste appropriately
- Dispose waste properly under teacher guidance
- Wash hands thoroughly after activity

How do you safely dispose of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Personal protective equipment (gloves, masks, boots)
- Garbage bags/containers
- Soap and water
- Sorting bins
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing clean environments
- Reference materials
- Community visit notes
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case study materials
- Waste samples

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Tools used in daily life
Holding tools - Selecting tools for tasks
Holding tools - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify holding tools used in daily life
- Describe uses of different holding tools
- Show interest in learning about tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of holding tools (pliers, clamps, tongs, clips, vice)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Draw and name holding tools
- Mention where tools are found in locality

What are holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Actual holding tools
- Pictures of tools
- Drawing paper
- Digital devices
- Various holding tools
- Task cards
- Selection guide
- Reference materials
- Holding tools
- Video clips
- Matching activity materials

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Safe use of holding tools
Holding tools - Practical use
Holding tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe safe use of holding tools
- Use personal protective equipment appropriately
- Value safety when using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch video on safe tool use
- Discuss safety measures when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of different holding tools

How can holding tools be used safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Digital devices
- Safety posters
- Clips, pliers, clamps
- Drawing board, paper
- Wire, wood pieces
- Vice, tongs, spanners
- Wood pieces, nuts and bolts
- Drill (under supervision)
- PPE

- Observation - Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Caring for holding tools
Holding tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Demonstrate care and maintenance of holding tools
- Clean and store tools properly
- Appreciate the need for tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing tool care and maintenance
- Dust off residue from tools
- Oil, grease or lubricate movable parts
- Tighten loose parts of tools

How should holding tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Cleaning rags
- Oil/grease
- Storage containers
- Word search puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Holding tools for demonstration
- Self-reflection checklist

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Tools used in daily life
Driving tools - Selecting tools for tasks
Driving tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify driving tools used in daily life
- Describe characteristics of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of driving tools (hammer, screwdriver, spanner, punch, mallet)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify driving tools
- Discuss why they are called driving tools
- Mention where tools are found

What are driving tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Actual driving tools
- Pictures of tools
- Digital devices
- Tool identification chart
- Various driving tools
- Task flashcards
- Selection criteria guide
- Reference materials
- Driving tools
- Pictures showing tool use
- Video clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Tool identification

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Uses continued
Driving tools - Safe use of driving tools
Driving tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain uses of punches and spanners
- Match tools to their uses
- Value proper tool application

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of punches (driving nails beyond surface)
- Discuss uses of spanners (loosening/tightening nuts and bolts)
- Watch videos on tool use
- Create table matching tools to uses

How are punches and spanners used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards
- Hammers, mallets
- Nails, dowels, chisels
- Wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use continued
Driving tools - Caring for driving tools
Driving tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use punch to make holes
- Use screwdriver to tighten screws
- Value precision in tool use

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use punch to make holes in wood or metal
- Use screwdriver to tighten loose screws
- Use spanner to tighten bolts
- Identify tasks that require driving tools

How do you use punches, screwdrivers and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches, screwdrivers, spanners
- Screws, bolts, nuts
- Wood and metal pieces
- PPE
- Driving tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage boxes
- Maintenance guide
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Checklist

Government and business
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship

Reasons for government involvement
Government and business - Ways of involvement
Government and business - Training and development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain reasons for government involvement in business
- Discuss benefits of government participation
- Appreciate government's economic role

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing government services
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Discuss flashcards on government participation
- Give examples for each reason

Why is the government involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public services
- Flashcards
- Digital devices
- Discussion guides
- Pictures showing enforcement
- Licensing examples
- Quality standards documents
- Examples of training institutions
- Trade policy documents
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Types of taxes
Government and business - Types of taxes continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the meaning and importance of taxes
- Identify types of taxes in Kenya
- Value tax payment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of public facilities
- Discuss meaning and importance of paying taxes
- Search for information on types of taxes
- Learn about income tax, VAT, corporate tax

What is tax and why is it important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public facilities
- Digital devices
- Tax information materials
- Reference materials
- Tax rate information
- Word search puzzles
- KRA materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Research notes

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - e-Government services
Government and business - Accessing e-Government
Government and business - Review and compliance
Business plan - Importance in entrepreneurship
Business plan - Components

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain meaning of e-Government services
- Identify e-Government platforms
- Appreciate digital government services

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read and analyze case study on e-Citizen
- Discuss e-Government services in business
- Learn about business registration and licensing online
- Discuss benefits of e-Government

What are e-Government services?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Case study materials
- Digital devices
- E-Government platform access
- Reference materials
- Computers/smartphones
- Internet connection
- E-Government platforms
- Navigation guide
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case scenarios
- Regulation examples
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 180
- Video clips
- Sample business plans
- Business plan samples
- Chart of components

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions