Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Identifying cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify various cutting tools used in the work environment
- Name cutting tools found in the locality
- Appreciate the diversity of cutting tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of different cutting tools
- Identify each of the tools
- Discuss which tools have been seen or used
- Name other cutting tools found in the locality

What cutting tools are commonly used in our locality?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 80
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Real cutting tools (hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, planes, snips)
- Charts showing cutting tools

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Collecting and identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Uses of hacksaws and handsaws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Collect different cutting tools available in the locality
- Identify and write down names of cutting tools
- Store tools safely for later use

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect different cutting tools available in the locality under teacher guidance
- Identify and write down the names of the cutting tools
- Store the tools in a safe place

How should cutting tools be stored safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 81
- Various cutting tools from locality
- Storage containers
- Notebooks for recording
- Hacksaws and handsaws
- Metal rods, plastic pipes, wood pieces
- Pictures showing tool applications

- Practical work - Observation - Written records

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Uses of chisels and planes
Cutting Tools - Uses of snips, scrappers and other cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify different types of chisels and their uses
- Explain the function of planes in woodwork
- Demonstrate responsibility in tool handling

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study wood chisels and cold chisels
- Discuss uses of chisels in cutting or shaping wood, metals or stone
- Learn about planes used to cut thin layers from timber
- Discuss types of planes (bench planes, block planes, specialty planes)

How do chisels and planes shape materials differently?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 82
- Wood chisels and cold chisels
- Various types of planes
- Wood and metal samples
- Safety equipment
- Tin snips and aviation snips
- Scrappers
- Various knives
- Wire strippers
- Different types of cutters

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Selecting appropriate cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Using a handsaw safely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Select appropriate cutting tools for specific tasks
- Sort tools according to their uses
- Present findings in an organized manner

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the use of each cutting tool collected earlier
- Sort tools for cutting paper and fabric
- Sort tools for cutting wood, metallic rods, pipes and sheets
- Identify tools for stripping wire insulations
- Present findings in a table format

How do we select the right tool for a specific task?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 83
- Previously collected cutting tools
- Classification charts
- Notebooks for recording
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 85
- Handsaws
- Pieces of timber
- Tape measure, try square, pencil
- Clamps
- Working surface
- Protective gear (gloves, goggles)

- Observation - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using a hacksaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a wood chisel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use a hacksaw to cut metal rods and plastic pipes
- Apply proper techniques when using a hacksaw
- Maintain control and safety while cutting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear protective gear (gloves and overalls)
- Secure metal rod firmly in bench vice
- Mark cut line using a scriber
- Hold hacksaw properly and apply correct pressure
- Practice cutting metal rods and plastic pipes

How do we safely cut metal using a hacksaw?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 86
- Hacksaws
- Metal rods and plastic pipes
- Scriber
- Bench vice
- Working bench
- Protective gloves and overalls
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 88
- Wood chisels
- Pieces of timber
- Mallet
- Pencil and ruler
- Clamps
- Protective gloves and goggles

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using snips to cut metal sheets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use snips to cut metallic sheets
- Apply correct technique when using snips
- Cut safely away from the body

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear protective gloves
- Secure metallic sheet on flat working surface
- Measure and mark cut line using scriber and steel rule
- Hold snips correctly
- Open snips and align blades with cut line
- Practice cutting along the marked line

How do we use snips to cut metal sheets safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 89
- Tin snips or aviation snips
- Metallic sheets
- Scriber and steel rule
- Tape measure
- Protective gloves
- Working surface

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using wire cutters

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use wire cutters to cut wires of different sizes
- Hold wire cutters properly
- Observe safety when cutting wires

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify and mark point on wire for cutting
- Hold wire cutter with dominant hand correctly
- Open handles to open blades
- Place wire between blades ensuring proper alignment
- Apply force to close blades and cut wire
- Practice cutting wires of different sizes

How do we cut wires safely using wire cutters?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 91
- Wire cutters
- Wires of different sizes
- Marking tools
- Protective gloves

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using planes and scrappers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use a plane to smoothen and reduce timber thickness
- Use a scrapper to remove embedded dirt
- Apply proper techniques for each tool

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use jack plane to smoothen timber surface
- Practice reducing thickness of timber
- Wear protective gear (safety goggles)
- Use scrapper to remove embedded dirt from surfaces
- Hold scrapper at 30° angle
- Practice scraping different surfaces

How do planes and scrappers prepare surfaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 90
- Jack plane
- Scrappers
- Pieces of timber
- Surfaces with embedded dirt
- Safety goggles
- Protective gloves

- Practical work - Observation - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using wire strippers and knives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use wire strippers to remove wire insulation
- Use utility knives to cut cardboard and paper
- Observe safety precautions with sharp tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Open jaws of wire stripper
- Place wire between jaws at correct distance from end
- Squeeze and rotate stripper to remove insulation
- Practice stripping and cutting wires
- Use utility knife to cut cardboard at 45° angle
- Store knife with blade retracted

How do we safely strip wires and cut with knives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 92
- Wire strippers
- Insulated wires
- Utility/sliding knives
- Cardboard paper
- Ruler and pencil
- Protective gloves

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ways of caring for different cutting tools
- Explain maintenance procedures for each tool
- Demonstrate responsibility in tool care

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss how tools are being cared for
- Use digital devices or print resources to search for ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss maintenance for hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, snips, cutters, planes, scrappers, strippers and knives

Why is it important to care for cutting tools?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 95
- Various cutting tools
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Tool maintenance materials
- Pictures of tool care

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Importance of cutting tools in the workplace
Computer Software - Meaning and examples of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the importance of cutting tools in work environment
- Prepare informative posters on cutting tools
- Value the role of cutting tools in various workplaces

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the importance of cutting tools in the work environment
- Prepare posters providing information on importance of cutting tools
- Place posters at school workshop or Pre-Technical Studies corner
- Share findings with classmates

Why are cutting tools essential in workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 96
- Manila papers
- Markers and colors
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 97
- Digital devices (computers, tablets)
- Pictures showing software use
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Poster assessment - Oral presentations

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Categories of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify categories of computer software
- Distinguish between system software and application software
- Explain the role of operating systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about system software and application software
- Discuss system software (operating systems like Microsoft Windows)
- Study application software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentations)
- Understand that system software runs in the background
- Learn that application software is user-oriented

How do system software and application software differ?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Computers with different software
- Microsoft Windows
- Examples of application software
- Digital devices
- Charts showing software categories

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of word processors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the functions of word processing software
- Identify Microsoft Word as a word processor
- Use word processors to create documents

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit computer laboratory or ICT centre
- Observe how word processors are used
- Learn about creating, saving, formatting, editing and printing documents
- Discuss the five main functions of word processors
- Share findings with classmates

What can we do with word processing software?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Computer laboratory
- Microsoft Word software
- Digital devices
- Sample documents
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstrations

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft Word

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Start Microsoft Word application
- Create a new Word document
- Save and print Word documents

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select Microsoft Word
- Create a blank document
- Learn about Word window features (title bar, ribbon, status bar, quick access toolbar)
- Type text about computer software
- Practice saving document using "Save As"
- Learn to print documents

How do we create and save documents in Microsoft Word?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with Microsoft Word
- Printers
- Practice documents
- Step-by-step guides

- Practical work - Observation - Saved documents assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of presentation software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the functions of presentation software
- Identify Microsoft PowerPoint as presentation software
- Create visual presentations for audiences

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about PowerPoint for creating visual presentations
- Discuss functions: creating presentations from templates, adding text, images, art and videos
- Study adding transitions, animations and cinematic motion
- Observe how presentations are used in different settings

What is presentation software used for?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft PowerPoint software
- Digital devices
- Sample presentations
- Projector (if available)

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft PowerPoint

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Start Microsoft PowerPoint application
- Create a blank presentation
- Add text and new slides to presentations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select PowerPoint
- Create blank presentation
- Learn about PowerPoint features (title bar, ribbon, thumbnail slides, placeholders)
- Click in title and subtitle placeholders to add text
- Practice adding new slides with different layouts
- Save presentation using "Save As"

How do we create presentations in PowerPoint?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint
- Practice presentation topics
- Step-by-step guides
- Digital devices

- Practical work - Observation - Saved presentations assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Saving and printing PowerPoint presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Save PowerPoint presentations with appropriate names
- Print presentations or selected slides
- Share presentations via email

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice saving presentations by clicking File then Save As
- Type presentation name and choose save location
- Learn to print all slides or selected slides
- Adjust print settings before printing
- Practice printing presentations or sharing via email

How do we save and share PowerPoint presentations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 107
- Computers with PowerPoint
- Printers
- Email access
- Sample presentations
- USB drives for saving

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of spreadsheet software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the functions of spreadsheet software
- Identify Microsoft Excel as spreadsheet software
- Understand how spreadsheets organize data

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn about spreadsheets arranged in rows and columns
- Discuss Microsoft Excel functions: creating charts and graphs, searching, sorting and calculating data
- Study data analysis and saving capabilities
- Understand spreadsheet applications in workplaces

What tasks can spreadsheet software perform?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft Excel software
- Sample spreadsheets with data
- Charts and graphs examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft Excel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Start Microsoft Excel application
- Enter data in Excel worksheets
- Navigate Excel features and cells

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click Start button and select Microsoft Excel
- Create blank workbook
- Learn about Excel features (name box, formula bar, cells, rows, columns, worksheets)
- Practice entering data in cells
- Use arrow keys and enter key to navigate
- Practice entering numbers and text in different cells

How do we enter and organize data in Excel?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 109
- Computers with Microsoft Excel
- Sample data for entry
- Step-by-step guides
- Practice worksheets

- Practical work - Observation - Data entry assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Saving and printing Excel worksheets
Computer Software - Importance of application software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Save Excel worksheets with appropriate names
- Print Excel worksheets
- Manage Excel files effectively

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice saving worksheets by clicking File then Save As
- Select location and type file name
- Learn to print worksheets with print settings
- Practice creating, saving and printing a class project spreadsheet
- Store printed work in portfolio

How do we save and print Excel worksheets?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 111
- Computers with Excel
- Printers
- Sample worksheets
- USB drives
- Portfolios for storing work
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Manila papers and markers
- Case studies of software use
- Reference materials
- Digital devices

- Practical work - Observation - Saved files assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Identifying assets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define assets, liabilities and capital
- Search for meanings of bookkeeping terms
- Show interest in learning about bookkeeping

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Think about a shop in nearby shopping centre
- Discuss what items are sold and where money came from
- Use digital devices to search for meaning of assets, liabilities, capital
- Present findings to other groups

What are the basic terms used in bookkeeping?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Digital devices
- Textbooks
- Reference materials
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify liabilities in a business
- Explain what constitutes capital
- Value the concept of business financing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study on Tony's lorry transport business
- Mention liabilities that may be found in business
- Read case study on Jeff's motorcycle business
- Identify capital contributed in the business
- Share suggestions with classmates

What is the difference between liabilities and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Charts
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Digital devices
- Sample business records

- Written assignments - Oral presentations - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Understand the basic bookkeeping equation
- Calculate assets and capital
- Apply the equation in business scenarios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn that assets equal owner's contribution at business start
- Read statement about Anne's salon business
- Calculate value of assets and capital using equation
- Share findings with class

How do we show the relationship between assets and capital?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Business scenarios
- Charts showing equation
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Practice exercises
- Worksheets

- Practical work - Written assignments - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation
Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Express business scenarios using equation
- Apply equation to different situations
- Demonstrate understanding of equation components

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study Mohamed's bookshop scenario
- Express bookkeeping equation for different situations
- Calculate values when business expands
- Work on scenarios involving loans
- Complete practice exercise table

How can we use the bookkeeping equation in real business situations?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Business scenarios
- Calculators
- Practice tables
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Classify business transactions
- Identify cash and credit transactions in scenarios
- Value proper transaction recording

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss transactions in school canteen
- Discuss credit transactions in school community
- Analyze scenarios about Hellen's shoes and Mr Wafula's materials
- Classify whether transactions are cash or credit
- Present findings in class

How can we classify different types of business transactions?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Worksheets

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify components of statement of financial position
- Explain how to prepare the statement
- Appreciate importance of financial statements

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what shows financial position of business
- Identify components of statement
- Study example of Brian Mobile Phones
- Learn structure: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Discuss how both sides must balance

What is a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare statement of financial position
- List assets and capital with liabilities correctly
- Demonstrate accuracy in preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study preparation steps from Brian's example
- List assets on left side
- List capital and liabilities on right side
- Ensure both totals are equal
- Complete practice exercise for ABC Groceries
- Submit work for assessment

How do we prepare a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define income
- Identify sources of income
- Appreciate diverse income sources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for meaning of 'income for an individual'
- Read about Hadijah and Lemayian's sources of income
- Identify salary, royalties, dividends, business profits
- Study chart showing various income sources
- Discuss meaning of sources of income

Where can individuals get income from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain employment income
- Describe business income
- Identify investment income and other sources

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study chart showing income sources in detail
- Discuss employment income (salary, wages, allowances)
- Learn about business income (profits from sales)
- Understand investment income (rent, dividends, interest)
- Explore gifts, donations, and government transfers

What are the different categories of income sources?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define budget and budgeting
- Explain importance of budgeting
- Value financial planning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss pocket money and spending plans
- Search for meaning of budget and budgeting
- Read conversation between Mrs Bundi and children
- Discuss how much family earns and spends
- Explain importance of budgeting

Why is it important to make a budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- List benefits of budgeting
- Explain how budgeting helps in daily life
- Appreciate budget discipline

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Maria's income
- Discuss how budgeting helps her
- Learn budgeting helps spend on important things
- Understand budgeting helps track spending
- Learn budgeting helps save money and avoid debt

How does budgeting improve our financial lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ways to spend money wisely
- Create tips for wise spending
- Demonstrate financial responsibility

- Study poster made by Grade 8 learners
- Discuss tips on spending money wisely
- Discuss other ways of spending money wisely
- Create quotes on spending money wisely
- Display work in classroom for peer review

What are smart ways to spend money?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials

- Practical work - Portfolio assessment - Peer review

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare a personal budget
- List income and expenses
- Include savings in budget

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss what to consider when preparing budget
- Study Rehema's monthly budget example
- Identify income sources and expenses
- Calculate savings target
- Prepare simple budget for Shs 3,000 shopping money
- Present budget for feedback

How do we prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios

- Practical work - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define ethics and ethical practices
- Identify ethical practices in budgeting
- Value honesty in financial management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss meaning of ethics
- Brainstorm ethical and unethical practices
- Read case study about Mitundu Self-help Group
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, transparency, fairness)
- Discuss integrity and avoiding bribes

What ethical practices should we follow when budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Written tests - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid
Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain consequences of unethical practices
- Demonstrate commitment to ethical behavior

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify unethical practices from case study
- Learn about budgeting beyond means
- Understand dangers of not sticking to budget
- Discuss budgeting from illegal sources
- Learn about saving before spending

What unethical practices should we avoid in budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Written tests - Group discussions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define market and marketing
- Differentiate between market and marketing
- Show interest in learning about marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios about farmers buying tractors
- Identify who is buying and selling
- Discuss meaning of market
- Explain meaning of marketing
- Present findings to classmates

What is the difference between market and marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain advertising
- Describe selling process
- Understand product delivery

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Learn marketing includes advertising, selling, delivery
- Discuss advertising through TV, radio, internet
- Understand selling as exchange for money
- Learn about delivery of products to customers
- Study examples of each marketing activity

What activities are involved in marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain importance of marketing
- Identify benefits of marketing to business
- Appreciate role of marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing marketing activities
- Discuss poster offering weekend deals
- Analyze delivery services
- Read flashcards on importance of marketing
- Explain how marketing helps business

Why is marketing important to a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Marketing examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify sources of market information
- Explain how to gather market information
- Value research in marketing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read newspaper article about Rita's business
- Identify potential customers from article
- Discuss sources of information about market
- Learn about newspapers, magazines, radio, TV
- Understand surveys and social media as sources

Where can businesses find information about their market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Digital devices
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Use digital devices to search market information
- Analyze information from customers
- Prepare reports on findings

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for market information using digital devices
- Observe school bags classmates use
- Identify improvements students want
- Gather information about market for school bags
- Write summary notes on sources

How can we gather and analyze market information?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks

- Practical work - Written reports - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify factors for selecting markets
- Explain importance of each factor
- Appreciate market research

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Mr Omar's uniform business
- Explore factors considered (demand, purchasing power)
- Discuss market preferences and size
- Learn about competition and infrastructure
- Understand legal requirements

What factors should we consider when selecting a market?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Written tests - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ICT applications for marketing
- Explain how each tool is used
- Select appropriate marketing tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for ICT applications used in marketing
- Learn about Facebook ads and YouTube advertising
- Study LinkedIn and Instagram for marketing
- Understand TikTok marketing
- Discuss choosing tools based on target customers

What ICT tools can be used to market goods and services?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify suitable markets for products
- Match products to appropriate markets
- Demonstrate market selection skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Analyze different products and their markets
- Discuss suitability of markets for goods
- Match services to appropriate markets
- Present findings on market selection
- Review market selection criteria

How do we identify suitable markets for different products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries
Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define channels of distribution
- Identify intermediaries
- Explain role of intermediaries

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Think about how soft drinks move from manufacturer
- Discuss meaning of channels of distribution
- Learn who intermediaries are
- Study pictures showing soda distribution
- Identify roles of wholesalers and retailers

What are channels of distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify different distribution channels
- Explain Channel 1 (direct distribution)
- Describe other channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for video clips on distribution channels
- Study chart showing different channels
- Learn Channel 1: Producer to Consumer direct
- Understand Channel 2: Producer to Retailer to Consumer
- Study Channel 3 with wholesaler

What are the different channels for distributing goods?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Digital devices
- Business examples

- Observation - Written assignments - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Prepare charts showing distribution channels
- Illustrate product distribution
- Demonstrate understanding of channels

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read about Chui Cement, Bahati Dairies, Faulu Flour
- Identify distribution channels for each business
- Prepare charts showing channels
- Illustrate how products move to consumers
- Present charts to class

How do different businesses distribute their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Analyze distribution in case study
- Identify intermediaries used
- Compare different distribution methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read case study about Magadi Soda
- Identify products: soda ash, mineral salts, bottled water
- Analyze channel for each product
- Compare export, wholesale, and retail distribution
- Share findings with classmates

How do different products use different distribution channels?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Case analysis - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify ethical practices in distribution
- Explain unethical practices to avoid
- Value ethical business conduct

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Debate on ethical practices statement
- Study diagram on ethics in distribution
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, quality goods, legal compliance)
- Learn about keeping customer information private
- Discuss avoiding discrimination and corruption

What ethical practices should be followed in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Case study materials
- Community examples
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Debate participation - Written tests - Observation