Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Reading squares from tables

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how to read mathematical tables for squares
- Work out squares of numbers between 1.0 and 9.999 from tables
- Show accuracy in using mathematical tables

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read and write the squares of numbers from tables
- Practice locating numbers in the table and reading their squares
- Work through examples using Table 1.3

What are squares of numbers?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 29
- Mathematical tables
- Number cards
- Worksheets

- Practical exercises - Written tests - Observation

Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Squares of large numbers
Squares and Square Roots - Squares of numbers less than 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the method for finding squares of numbers above 10
- Work out squares of numbers above 10 using standard form and tables
- Demonstrate systematic approach in calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice finding squares of numbers above 10 using standard form method
- Convert numbers to standard form A × 10ⁿ
- Calculate squares and express in ordinary form

How do we find squares of numbers greater than 10?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 33
- Mathematical tables
- Standard form charts
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 35
- Decimal cards
- Worksheets

- Written exercises - Class activities - Oral questions

Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Reading square roots from tables

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how to read square root tables
- Work out square roots of numbers from 1 to 99.99 using tables
- Appreciate the relationship between squares and square roots

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read and write the square roots of numbers from tables
- Practice using Table 1.4 for square roots
- Add values from the ADD column correctly

Where do we apply square roots in real life?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 37
- Mathematical tables
- Square root charts
- Number cards

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Class tests

Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Square roots of large numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the method for finding square roots of numbers 100 and above
- Find square roots of numbers 100 and above using tables
- Show systematic approach in calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice finding square roots of numbers above 100
- Use standard form method
- Work with both Table 1.4 and Table 1.5 appropriately

How do we find square roots of numbers above 100?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 39
- Mathematical tables (Tables 1.4 & 1.5)
- Worksheets
- Calculators

- Written exercises - Practical work - Observation

Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Using calculators for squares and square roots
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Identifying rates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the square and square root functions on a calculator
- Work out squares and square roots using a calculator correctly
- Appreciate the efficiency of using calculators

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice working out squares and square roots using a calculator
- Compare calculator results with table results
- Use IT devices or other materials to play square and square root games

How do calculators help us find squares and square roots?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 42
- Scientific calculators
- Digital devices
- Comparison worksheets
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 44
- Stopwatches
- Rate cards
- Mobile phones (for demonstration)

- Practical exercises - Observation - Written tests

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out rates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the method for calculating rates
- Calculate rates from given information accurately
- Show precision in rate calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to determine rates
- Calculate rates per unit time or quantity
- Solve rate problems from real-life contexts

How do we calculate rates from given information?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 46
- Timers
- Measuring tools
- Rate worksheets

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Class activities

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Expressing fractions as ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how to convert fractions to ratios
- Express fractions as ratios in simplest form
- Value precision in ratio work

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use cut outs from whole objects to relate fractions to ratios
- Practice writing fractions as numerator : denominator
- Simplify ratios to lowest terms

How do we express fractions as ratios?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 48
- Cut-out materials
- Ratio cards
- Counters

- Written exercises - Practical work - Oral questions

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Comparing ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe methods for comparing two or more ratios
- Compare ratios using percentage method and LCM method
- Show systematic approach in comparing ratios

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss and compare ratios from cut outs
- Use LCM method to compare ratios
- Express ratios as percentages for easy comparison

How do we compare two or more ratios?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 50
- Comparison charts
- Ratio cards
- Calculators

- Written tests - Class activities - Problem-solving

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Division of quantities in ratios
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the process of dividing quantities in given ratios
- Divide quantities in given ratios systematically
- Show fairness in sharing quantities

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss and share quantities of concrete objects in different ratios
- Use counters or bottle tops to practice sharing
- Solve sharing problems

How do we divide quantities using ratios?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 51
- Counters
- Bottle tops
- Sharing materials
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 53
- Data cards
- Real-life examples
- Worksheets

- Practical exercises - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Increase and decrease using ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain how ratios show increase or decrease in quantities
- Work out increase and decrease of quantities using ratios
- Apply ratio changes to real situations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss and determine increase and decrease using ratios
- Use the format new : old to express changes
- Solve problems involving ratio changes

How do ratios represent increase or decrease?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 55
- Change scenario cards
- Calculators
- Worksheets

- Written exercises - Class activities - Problem-solving

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Percentage increase

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define percentage increase
- Calculate percentage increase accurately using the formula
- Show precision in percentage calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss and determine percentage increase of different quantities
- Use the formula: percentage change = (change/original) × 100%
- Solve real-life percentage problems

How do we calculate percentage increase?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 57
- Percentage charts
- Calculators
- Problem cards

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Oral questions

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Percentage decrease
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Identifying direct proportions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define percentage decrease
- Calculate percentage decrease correctly
- Apply percentage decrease to real situations responsibly

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Work through percentage decrease problems
- Calculate new values after percentage decrease
- Solve problems involving discounts and reductions

How do we calculate percentage decrease?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 58
- Discount cards
- Price lists
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 59
- Proportion charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital devices

- Written assignments - Problem-solving - Class tests

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out direct proportions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the unitary method for solving direct proportion
- Work out direct proportions systematically
- Show accuracy in direct proportion calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete tables showing direct proportional relationships
- Calculate missing values in direct proportion
- Apply direct proportion to solve problems

How do we solve direct proportion problems?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 60
- Proportion tables
- Worksheets
- Calculators

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Class activities

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Identifying indirect proportions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define indirect proportion
- Identify indirect proportions in different situations
- Appreciate the difference between direct and indirect proportion

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use hourglass to show and determine indirect relationships
- Identify situations where increase in one leads to decrease in other
- Practice with filling containers

What is indirect proportion?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 62
- Hourglass
- Containers
- Bottle tops

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out indirect proportions
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Application and reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the method for solving indirect proportion
- Work out indirect proportions systematically
- Show understanding of inverse relationships

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete tables showing indirect proportional relationships
- Calculate values where ratios are inverted
- Solve time-speed-distance problems

How do we solve indirect proportion problems?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 63
- Proportion worksheets
- Calculators
- Problem cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 64
- Video resources
- Digital devices
- Portfolio materials

- Written exercises - Problem-solving - Written tests

Algebra

Algebraic Expressions - Factorisation of algebraic expressions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define factorisation as the reverse of expansion
- Identify the highest common factor (HCF) in algebraic expressions
- Appreciate the use of factorisation in simplifying expressions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Make three sets of cards showing algebraic expressions and their factored forms
- Match cards from different rows to form equations
- Discuss and identify common factors in terms
- Write HCF in front of brackets and remaining factors inside

How do we factorise algebraic expressions?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 65
- Number cards
- Algebraic expression cards
- Charts

- Observation - Card matching activity - Oral questions

Algebra

Algebraic Expressions - Identifying like and unlike terms in factorisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the concept of like and unlike terms
- Find common factors for different sets of terms
- Show systematic approach in identifying factors

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss and identify like and unlike terms
- Find common factors from given sets of algebraic terms
- Practice factorising expressions with numerical and variable common factors
- Work in groups to factorise various expressions

What makes terms like or unlike in algebra?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 67
- Factor cards
- Worksheets
- Group work materials

- Written exercises - Group presentations - Class activities

Algebra

Algebraic Expressions - Simplification of algebraic fractions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the process of simplifying algebraic fractions
- Simplify algebraic fractions by finding LCM of denominators
- Value accuracy in simplifying fractions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss like and unlike terms in algebraic fractions
- Find LCM of denominators in algebraic fractions
- Combine fractions with different denominators
- Practice simplifying complex algebraic fractions

How do we simplify algebraic expressions?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 68
- Fraction charts
- LCM charts
- Worksheets

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Problem-solving

Algebra

Algebraic Expressions - Advanced simplification practice
Algebraic Expressions - Using IT devices and application

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe steps for simplifying complex algebraic fractions
- Simplify algebraic fractions involving multiple operations
- Show confidence in working with algebraic fractions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice writing fractions as single fractions
- Simplify fractions with algebraic denominators
- Solve problems involving algebraic fractions
- Work through real-life applications

What strategies help us simplify complex algebraic fractions?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 69
- Practice worksheets
- Real-life problem cards
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 71
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Algebra apps/software

- Written assignments - Class tests - Oral questions

Algebra

Linear Equations - Forming linear equations in two unknowns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define linear equations in two unknowns
- Form linear equations from real-life situations using two variables
- Show interest in forming equations from word problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Put masses on beam balance and add marbles to balance
- Give letters to represent unknowns
- Role play shopping activities to form equations
- Write equations from balancing scenarios

How do we solve linear equations in two unknowns?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 72
- Beam balance
- Masses (500g)
- Marbles
- Shopping scenario cards

- Observation - Practical activities - Oral questions

Algebra

Linear Equations - More practice on forming equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Interpret word problems involving two unknowns
- Form linear equations from various real-life scenarios
- Appreciate the relevance of equations in daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Write equations to represent ages, costs, and quantities
- Form equations from perimeter problems
- Create equations from problems involving animals and farming
- Practice with two-digit number problems

Where do we use linear equations in two unknowns in real life situations?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 73
- Word problem cards
- Real-life scenario cards
- Worksheets

- Written exercises - Problem-solving - Class activities

Algebra

Linear Equations - Solving by substitution method
Linear Equations - Advanced practice on substitution method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the substitution method for solving simultaneous equations
- Solve linear equations in two unknowns using substitution systematically
- Show precision in solving equations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Write equations from fruit vendor scenario
- Name equations as (i) and (ii)
- Write one variable in terms of another
- Replace and simplify to find values of unknowns

How do we use substitution method to solve linear equations?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 74
- Fruit pictures
- Equation cards
- Step-by-step charts
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 75
- Practice worksheets
- Real-life problem cards
- Calculators

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Oral questions

Algebra

Linear Equations - Solving by elimination method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the elimination method for solving simultaneous equations
- Solve linear equations using elimination method systematically
- Appreciate the efficiency of elimination method

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Form equations from shopping scenarios (plates and cups)
- Multiply equations to make coefficients equal
- Subtract corresponding parts to eliminate one variable
- Solve for remaining variable and substitute back

How do we solve equations using elimination method?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 76
- Shopping scenario cards
- Elimination charts
- Step-by-step guides

- Written exercises - Practical work - Oral questions

Algebra

Linear Equations - More practice on elimination method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify when to use elimination method
- Solve various simultaneous equations by elimination efficiently
- Show confidence in choosing appropriate methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice solving equations involving bread and tea leaves
- Work through problems with different coefficients
- Solve problems about costs of items
- Compare elimination and substitution methods

When is elimination method more suitable than substitution?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 78
- Comparison charts
- Practice worksheets
- Method selection guides

- Written tests - Class activities - Problem-solving

Algebra

Linear Equations - Application in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Discuss various applications of linear equations in daily life
- Apply linear equations to solve real-life problems involving rectangles, costs, and quantities
- Recognize use of linear equations in real life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Find sum and difference of two numbers using equations
- Solve problems about rectangular flower beds
- Work out problems involving hiring labourers
- Apply equations to school fees and shopping scenarios
- Watch videos on linear equations applications

How do linear equations help us solve real-life problems?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 79
- Video resources
- Real-life scenario cards
- Digital devices
- Application worksheets

- Portfolio assessment - Presentations - Written assignments - Self-assessment

Measurements

Circles - Circumference of a circle
Circles - Finding circumference of circular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define circumference as the distance around a circle
- Calculate the circumference using the formula C=πD or C=2πr
- Appreciate the relationship between diameter and circumference

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take a string and two sticks to draw circles on the ground
- Measure the distance between fixed points
- Use string and ruler to measure total length of line drawn
- Compare diameter measurement with circumference

How do we determine the circumference of a circle?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 81
- Strings
- Sticks
- Rulers
- Circular objects
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 82
- Bicycle wheels
- Clock models
- Measuring tape

- Practical activities - Oral questions - Written exercises

Measurements

Circles - Length of an arc

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define an arc as a portion of circumference
- Calculate arc length using the formula Arc length = (θ/360) × 2πr
- Value the importance of arc calculations in real life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Make dummy clock using available resources
- Trace path of minute hand in one revolution
- Measure angles at centre and calculate arc lengths
- Use cut outs to relate arcs to sectors

How do we calculate the length of an arc?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 84
- Cartons for clock
- Protractors
- Strings
- Rulers

- Practical exercises - Written assignments - Oral questions

Measurements

Circles - Perimeter of a sector

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain what a sector is and identify minor and major sectors
- Calculate perimeter of a sector using the formula: Perimeter = (θ/360 × 2πr) + 2r
- Show systematic approach in calculating sector perimeters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw circles and mark points to form sectors
- Use string and ruler to determine arc length and add radii
- Measure angles at centre
- Calculate perimeter using formula and compare with measured values

How do we calculate the perimeter of a sector?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 86
- Drawing instruments
- Strings
- Rulers
- Protractors

- Written tests - Class activities - Problem-solving

Measurements

Circles - Application and use of IT resources
Area - Area of a circle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Discuss various applications of circles in real life
- Use IT or other resources to explore use of sectors and arcs
- Promote use of circles in real life situations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve problems involving merry-go-rounds, shot put areas
- Calculate perimeters of semicircular objects
- Use IT devices to explore circle applications
- Work on complex problems involving multiple circles

How do we use circles in real life situations?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 87
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Real-life scenario cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 88
- Plain paper
- Scissors
- Rulers
- Circular cut-outs

- Portfolio assessment - Presentations - Written assignments

Measurements

Area - Calculating areas of circles with different radii

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the formula for area of a circle
- Calculate areas of circles given radius or diameter
- Show accuracy in area calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Calculate areas of circles with various radii
- Find radius when area is given
- Solve problems involving circular mats and grazing fields
- Work out problems involving wire reshaping

What is the relationship between radius and area?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 89
- Calculators
- Worksheets
- Problem cards

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Class activities

Measurements

Area - Area of a sector of a circle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define a sector as a fraction of a circle
- Calculate area of a sector using the formula: Area = (θ/360) × πr²
- Value precision in sector calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw circles and fold into equal parts
- Calculate area using angle and radius
- Use formula to find sector areas
- Compare calculated areas with measured areas

How do we find the area of a sector?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 91
- Drawing instruments
- Protractors
- Calculators
- Paper for folding

- Written exercises - Practical activities - Oral questions

Measurements

Area - Surface area of cubes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain that a cube has 6 equal square faces
- Calculate total surface area using formula: TSA = 6 × length × length
- Show understanding of closed and open cubes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study cubes and count number of faces
- Measure sides of each face
- Calculate area of each face
- Derive formula for surface area of closed and open cubes

How do we calculate surface area of cubes?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 92
- Cube models
- Rulers
- Measuring tape
- Worksheets

- Written tests - Practical work - Problem-solving

Measurements

Area - Surface area of cuboids
Area - Surface area of cylinders

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify that cuboids have three pairs of equal rectangular faces
- Calculate surface area of cuboids systematically
- Appreciate applications of cuboid surface areas

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Pick textbooks and measure length, width, height
- Calculate area of each surface
- Use models to understand pairs of equal sides
- Derive formula for surface area

How is surface area of cuboid different from cube?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 94
- Cuboid objects
- Rulers
- Cartons
- Measuring instruments
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 97
- Cylindrical objects
- Scissors
- Paper cylinders

- Written assignments - Class activities - Oral questions

Measurements

Area - Closed and open cylinders

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Distinguish between closed, open cylinders and pipes
- Calculate total surface area including circular ends
- Apply formulas to solve real-life problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Calculate total surface area of closed cylinders
- Work out surface area of open tanks and pipes
- Solve problems involving petrol tanks and water pipes
- Calculate surface area of semi-cylindrical troughs

When do we use different cylinder formulas?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 99
- Cylinder models
- Calculators
- Real-life scenario cards

- Written assignments - Problem-solving - Class tests

Measurements

Area - Surface area of triangular prisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the faces that make up a triangular prism
- Calculate surface area as sum of individual faces
- Value accuracy in prism calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study triangular prism objects
- Count number of faces
- Identify triangular and rectangular faces
- Calculate area of each face and find total

How do we calculate surface area of triangular prisms?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 100
- Prism models
- Rulers
- Measuring instruments
- Worksheets

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral questions

Measurements

Area - Applications of triangular prisms
Area - Area of irregular shapes using square grids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Discuss real-life objects in the shape of triangular prisms
- Calculate surface areas of dust pans, tents, and goal posts
- Show interest in applying prism knowledge

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Calculate surface area of rabbit hutches
- Work out surface area of tents and dust pans
- Solve problems involving wedges
- Calculate surface area of handball goal posts covered with nets

Where do we find triangular prisms in real life?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 102
- Real-life problem cards
- Prism models
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 103
- Graph paper
- Square grids
- Leaves
- Pencils

- Written assignments - Problem-solving - Presentations

Measurements

Area - Estimating areas of maps and other irregular shapes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Apply square grid method to various irregular shapes
- Estimate areas of maps, assembly zones, and hand traces
- Promote use of area estimation in real life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Estimate area of fire assembly zones
- Work out area of constituency maps
- Estimate area of Kenya map
- Trace palm of hand and estimate its area

What are practical uses of estimating irregular areas?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 105
- Graph paper
- Maps
- Tracing paper
- Calculators

- Portfolio assessment - Practical work - Written assignments

Measurements

Money - Interest and principal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define interest as extra money paid on borrowed amount
- Define principal as money borrowed
- Appreciate understanding of financial terms

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss amount of money that can be borrowed from mobile money providers
- Calculate difference between amount borrowed and paid back
- Identify institutions that offer loans
- Complete tables relating principal, interest and total amount

What is interest in money?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 107
- Sample loan documents
- Calculators
- Financial scenario cards

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Class activities

Measurements

Money - Calculating simple interest
Money - Applications of simple interest

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain simple interest as money charged only on principal
- Calculate simple interest using formula: S.I = P × R × T / 100
- Show accuracy in simple interest calculations

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss Mr. Murithi's loan scenario
- Calculate total amount paid and interest
- Express interest as percentage
- Practice using formula with different values

How do we calculate simple interest?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 109
- Calculators
- Formula charts
- Loan scenario cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 110
- Real-life problem cards
- Bank documents (samples)

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Class activities

Measurements

Money - Compound interest calculation step by step

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define compound interest as interest on principal and previous interest
- Calculate compound interest year by year up to three years
- Value systematic approach in compound interest

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss Mrs. Rono's investment in women groups
- Calculate interest for first year and add to principal
- Use new total as principal for second year
- Continue process up to three years

How is compound interest different from simple interest?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 112
- Calculators
- Step-by-step charts
- Comparison worksheets

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Class tests

Measurements

Money - Working out appreciation per annum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define appreciation as gain in value of a commodity
- Calculate appreciation using compound interest method
- Show understanding that appreciation is calculated like compound interest

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss meaning of appreciation in relation to monetary value
- List items that appreciate in value
- Calculate appreciation of land value year by year
- Apply appreciation formula to various scenarios

What items appreciate in value and why?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 115
- Calculators
- Appreciation scenario cards
- Charts

- Written exercises - Problem-solving - Oral questions

Measurements

Money - Working out depreciation per annum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define depreciation as loss in value of a commodity
- Calculate depreciation step by step up to three years
- Appreciate that depreciation helps in making purchasing decisions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss items that depreciate in value
- Calculate depreciation of vehicles and electronics
- Work through depreciation year by year
- Compare depreciation with appreciation

What is depreciation and how do we calculate it?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 116
- Calculators
- Depreciation charts
- Real-life examples

- Written tests - Class activities - Problem-solving

Measurements

Money - Hire purchase
Money - Visiting financial institutions and using IT for shopping

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain hire purchase as buying goods through installments
- Calculate total cost under hire purchase
- Show consumer awareness in comparing cash and hire purchase prices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit places offering hire purchase or do online searches
- Discuss different terms of purchase
- Calculate installment periods and total amounts
- Compare hire purchase prices with cash prices for consumer protection

How do we pay for goods on hire purchase?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 117
- Hire purchase documents
- Price comparison charts
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 118
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Financial institution brochures
- Guest speakers

- Written assignments - Research projects - Oral presentations

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing parallel lines using ruler and compasses
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing parallel lines using set square and ruler

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define parallel lines
- Construct parallel lines using a ruler and pair of compasses
- Appreciate the importance of accurate geometric constructions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the concept of parallel lines in real life
- Follow step-by-step construction procedure using compass arcs
- Draw a line and mark a point above it
- Use compass arcs to construct parallel line through the point
- Compare constructed lines with classmates

How can we construct parallel lines without measuring angles?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Pair of compasses
- Pencil
- Plain paper
- Set square
- Drawing paper

- Observation - Practical construction tasks - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing perpendicular bisector of a line
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing perpendicular from a point to a line using compasses
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing perpendicular using set square and ruler

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define perpendicular bisector
- Construct perpendicular bisector using ruler and compasses
- Value accuracy in constructions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw a line of given length
- Use compass to mark arcs from both ends
- Identify intersection points of arcs
- Join intersection points to form perpendicular bisector
- Measure and verify equal segments and right angles

Why is the perpendicular bisector important in geometry?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Pair of compasses
- Protractor
- Pencil
- Plain paper
- Set square
- Drawing paper

- Observation - Practical construction - Written assignments

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Proportional division of a line
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Sum of interior angles of polygons
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Exterior angles of polygons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the method of dividing a line proportionally
- Apply the method of proportional division to divide lines into equal parts
- Demonstrate accuracy in geometric constructions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw line of given length
- Draw auxiliary line at suitable angle
- Mark equal intervals along auxiliary line using compasses
- Join last point to end of original line
- Draw parallel lines through other points
- Verify equal divisions on original line

How can we divide a line without measuring its length?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Pair of compasses
- Set square
- Pencil
- Protractor
- Calculator
- Chart showing polygon properties

- Observation - Practical tasks - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular triangles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify properties of regular triangles
- Construct equilateral triangle using ruler and compasses
- Show precision in constructions

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw line of given length
- Use one end as center with appropriate radius to draw arc
- Use other end as center with same radius to draw intersecting arc
- Join ends to intersection point
- Measure sides and angles to verify regularity

What makes a triangle regular and how do we construct it?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Pair of compasses
- Protractor
- Pencil

- Observation - Practical construction - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular quadrilaterals (squares)
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular pentagons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Describe properties of squares
- Construct a square using ruler and compasses
- Demonstrate accuracy in perpendicular construction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw line of given length
- Construct perpendicular at one end using compasses
- Mark point along perpendicular
- Use both ends as centers to locate fourth vertex
- Join points to form square
- Measure angles to verify right angles at each vertex

How do we ensure all angles in a square are right angles using only compass and ruler?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Pair of compasses
- Protractor
- Plain paper
- Pencil
- Calculator

- Observation - Practical tasks - Peer assessment

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular hexagons and circles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify that interior angle of regular hexagon is 120°
- Construct regular hexagon and circles related to triangles
- Appreciate relationship between circles and polygons

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Construct regular hexagon using protractor
- Construct triangle and draw perpendicular bisectors
- Locate circumcenter and draw circumcircle
- Construct angle bisectors to find incenter and draw incircle
- Compare properties of different circles

How are circles related to regular polygons and triangles?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Pair of compasses
- Pencil

- Observation - Practical construction - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing labelled Cartesian plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define Cartesian plane and identify its components
- Draw and label a Cartesian plane with axes and origin
- Show understanding of coordinate system

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw horizontal line and label as x-axis
- Draw vertical line crossing at center and label as y-axis
- Mark intersection point as origin
- Number axes with positive and negative values
- Place arrows at ends of axes
- Discuss purpose of arrows

Why do we need two axes to locate points on a plane?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing Cartesian plane with different scales
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Identifying points on Cartesian plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the concept of scale in graphs
- Draw Cartesian plane with specified scales on both axes
- Demonstrate accuracy in scaling

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw Cartesian plane with various scales
- Practice with different unit representations
- Label axes correctly with chosen scale
- Discuss when to use different scales
- Compare graphs with different scales

How does scale affect the appearance of a graph?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Calculator
- Worksheet with points

- Observation - Practical tasks - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Plotting points on Cartesian plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Explain the process of plotting coordinates
- Plot given coordinates on Cartesian plane accurately
- Demonstrate accuracy in plotting

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify x-coordinate and locate on x-axis
- Check sign of y-coordinate
- Draw line upward for positive y, downward for negative y
- Locate y-coordinate on y-axis
- Mark point where lines meet
- Practice plotting points in all quadrants

How do we use coordinates to mark exact positions?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- List of coordinates

- Observation - Practical tasks - Peer assessment

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Reading coordinates from graphs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify coordinates of plotted points on graphs
- Read coordinates from all four quadrants correctly
- Show accuracy in coordinate reading

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Examine graph with plotted points
- Write down coordinates of labeled points
- Identify points on x-axis and y-axis
- Match given coordinates to labeled points on graph
- Practice with various coordinate positions

What special coordinates do points on the axes have?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper with plotted points
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Practice worksheets

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Generating table of values from linear equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State the process of generating tables from equations
- Generate table of values from given linear equations
- Show systematic approach to problem-solving

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Choose suitable x values
- Draw table with selected x values
- Substitute each x value into equation to find y
- Complete table with corresponding y values
- Practice with equations in different forms

How do we find ordered pairs that satisfy a linear equation?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Pencil

- Observation - Written assignments - Problem-solving tasks

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Completing tables for linear equations
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Determining appropriate scale for graphs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify given values in equation tables
- Complete given tables using equations accurately
- Demonstrate algebraic skills in context

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete tables for equations in various forms
- Substitute given values to find missing values
- Generate complete tables for different equations
- Practice with whole numbers and fractions
- Verify completed tables

How do different forms of equations affect table generation?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Calculator
- Pencil
- Exercise book
- Practice worksheets
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Data tables

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing line graphs from tables

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Recall steps for drawing line graphs
- Draw straight lines through plotted points using appropriate scale
- Show accuracy in graphing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Generate table of values using given equation
- Choose suitable scale
- Plot coordinates on Cartesian plane
- Join plotted points using ruler
- Draw line graphs for various equations
- Verify line passes through all points

Why do linear equations produce straight line graphs?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Calculator

- Observation - Practical construction - Peer assessment

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing graphs for various linear equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify equations representing horizontal and vertical lines
- Draw graphs for equations in different forms
- Demonstrate graphing skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw graphs for equations in various forms
- Draw horizontal and vertical lines
- Compare slopes of different lines
- Identify parallel and perpendicular lines
- Practice graphing multiple equations

What do certain equations represent graphically?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Set of equations

- Observation - Written tests - Practical tasks

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Introduction to simultaneous equations graphically
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Solving simultaneous linear equations graphically

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Define simultaneous equations
- Identify point of intersection of two lines as solution
- Show interest in graphical methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve simultaneous equations algebraically
- Draw graphs of both equations on same axes
- Identify where lines intersect
- Read coordinates of intersection point
- Compare graphical solution to algebraic solution

How can graphs help us solve two equations together?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Number cards
- Pencil

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Practice solving simultaneous equations with different forms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- Identify equations with decimal and fractional coefficients
- Solve various forms of simultaneous equations graphically
- Show proficiency in graphical methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve equations with integer coefficients
- Work with decimal coefficients
- Handle equations with fractions
- Practice with different forms
- Compare solutions for accuracy

How do decimal coefficients affect the graphing process?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Scientific calculator
- Pencil

- Observation - Written tests - Problem-solving tasks

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Applying simultaneous equations to real-life problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
- State real-life situations involving simultaneous equations
- Formulate and solve simultaneous equations from word problems graphically
- Appreciate practical applications of mathematics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Formulate equations from shopping scenarios
- Set up equations from pricing problems
- Solve using graphical method
- Interpret solutions in context
- Discuss other real-life applications

How do simultaneous equations help solve everyday problems?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Real-life problem cards

- Observation - Problem-solving - Oral questions